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Mechanisms of Waterlogging Tolerance in Wheat: Morphological and Metabolic Adaptations Under Hypoxia or Anoxia

Md. Alamgir Hossain
Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Sarder Nasir Uddin
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Waterlogging is a widespread limiting factor for wheat production throughout the world specially irrigated and high rainfall environments. The important biological consequence of waterlogging is the deficiency (hypoxia) or complete absence (anoxia) of oxygen in soil environment which restricts the growth, development and finally yield in wheat. The tolerant genotypes of wheat can adapt to transient waterlogging by developing mechanisms related to morphology and metabolism to cope with the stress. The morphological mechanisms include the development of adventurous roots with well formed aerenchyma and sometimes with a barrier for ROL. Aerenchyma is a continuous gas filled channel, which provides a low resistance internal pathway for the movement of O₂ from the aerobic shoots to anaerobic roots to respire aerobically under hypoxia or anoxia. However, lack of oxygen induces the anaerobic roots to shift the energy metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic mode. Greater activities of glycolytic and fermentative enzymes, increased availability of soluble sugars, and involvement of antioxidant defense mechanism against post-stress oxidative damages are the main metabolic mechanisms for waterlogging tolerance in wheat.

Keywords: Aerenchyma, Anoxia, Carbohydrate reserves, Hypoxia, Oxidative stress, Waterlogging tolerance, Wheat

Location: Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Wheat

Objectives:

To review the mechanisms of tolerance of wheat to waterlogging emphasizing the morphological and metabolic adaptive mechanisms under oxygen deficit environment, hypoxia and anoxia.

Methodology:

Waterlogging tolerance is defined as the survival or the maintenance of plant growth at high rates under waterlogged conditions relative to well drained conditions. It may be defined as the maintenance of relatively high grain yields under waterlogged conditions relative to non- or less-waterlogged conditions. The plant species tolerant to waterlogging can develop some morphological traits or can alter the metabolism in response to oxygen shortage to survive or to maintain their growth. The mechanisms of waterlogging or hypoxia tolerance includes: i) the maintenance of high internal aeration through constitutive aerenchyma and creation of an oxidized zone around root tips through radial O₂ loss, ii) metabolic adaptation that maintain energy production under hypoxia with the substantial storage of carbohydrates for fermentation under hypoxia. Mechanisms of tolerance to waterlogging in wheat are discussed here in main two heads: (A) morphological adaptation, and (B) metabolic adaptation.

Source of Information: AJCS 5(9):1094-1101 (2011); ISSN:1835-2707

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Hypoxia or anoxia, consequences of waterlogging, resulted energy crisis in waterlogged cells which triggers the tolerant genotypes to develop different traits associated with waterlogging tolerance at least to survive under the stress. The study of regulatory mechanisms and signaling events responsible for triggering responses to hypoxia or anoxia in wheat plants is a prospective area of research.

Knowledge Management: Journal