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Response of Wheat to Irrigation in Saline Soils of Coastal Areas

A. R. Akanda
Chief Scientific Officer
IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur

S. K. Biswas
Senior Scientific Officers
IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur

3S. Mondal
Professor
IWFM, BUET, Dhaka

A. Saleh
Professor
IWFM, BUET, Dhaka

Zofer
Professor
SSD, BAU, Mymenshingh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The study was conducted at the farmer's field of Kulia in Debhata upazilla of Shatkhira during the rabi season of 2013-2014 to study the response of wheat to irrigation in saline soils of coastal areas. The experiment consisted of four irrigation treatments, i.e, irrigation at initial vegetative stage (farmer's practice T₁), one irrigation at CRI stage T₂, Two irrigation each at CRI and booting stages T₃ and three irrigation each at CRI, booting and grain fillings stages T₄. The results revealed that irrigation lead a significant positive effect on the growth, yield and yield contributing parameters of wheat. Grain yield of wheat was found to be increased with increasing frequencies of irrigation. The highest yield (4.08 t/ha) was obtained from treatment T₄, receiving 3 irrigation at CRI, booing and grain filling stages, where as, the lowest (3.02 t/ha) was found in treatment T₁ (farmer's practices) irrigated only at CRI stage. The water productivity was the highest (2.60 kg/m³) when irrigation water was applied at only CRI stage while the lowest (1.93 kg/m3) was attained from treatment T₄ where three irrigation were applied. The soil salinity was found to be gradually built up from 2.49 dS/m - 7.25 dS/m with increasing evaporation and temperature.

Keywords: Physiological data, Growth stages, Irrigation

Location: Shatkhira

Start Date: 00-00-2013

End Date: 00-00-2014

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Irrigation scheduling

Objectives:

To generate physiological data at different growth stages
To find out the critical growth stages for salinity stress
To find out the effect of salinity on yield

Methodology:

The experiment was conducted at the farmer's field of the village, Kulia in Debhata upazilla of Satkhira district during the rabi season of 2013-2014. The soil was clayey loam with field capacity and bulk density of 27% and 1.34 gm/cc, respectively. The irrigation treatments for wheat were:

T₁= Farmers practice (Irrigation at initial vegetative stage)

T₂= One irrigation at CRI stage

T₃= Two irrigation each at CRI and booting stages

T₄= Three irrigation each at CRI, booting and grain filling stages

The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental field was irrigated with STW water having electrical conductivity ranging from 1.7 to 3.4 dS/m. The experimental blocks were separated by a distance of 2.0 meter and the plots in each block were separated by a buffer of 1.0 meter serving as a barrier to prevent lateral movement of water from one plot to another. The unit plot size was 4m × 3m. Recommended dose of fertilizer for wheat (N₁₂₀P₃₀K₅₀S₂₀B₁Zn_4.5 Kg/ha) in the form of urea, triple super phosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum, borax, and zinc sulphate was used. Decomposed cowdung was also used at the rate of 10 t/ha. Two thirds of urea and all other fertilizers were applied at the time of final land preparation, while remaining one third urea was applied at the time of first irrigation. Seeds of wheat were sown on 28 November 2013 with a row spacing of 20 cm. Intercultural operations were done as and when necessary. The crop was protected against diseases and pests by spraying recommended dose of pesticides. Soil moisture was monitored prior to irrigation events and measured amount of water was applied according to the treatments. The crop was harvested on 11 March 2014. Number of spike per square meter, spike length, spikelet per spike, number and weight of grain per spike, 1000- grain weight, grain and straw yield were recorded at harvest. Harvest index was calculated by dividing grain yield by biological yield, which was the sum of grain dry weight and straw dry weight at each harvest sample. Finally, analysis of variance of the growth and yield parameters of wheat was done for the RCBD design using MSTAT-C. Data on growth, biomass and yield parameters of wheat were collected at different growth stages. Soil samples were collected at different growth stages to determine salinity of soil. Finally, analysis of variance of the growth and yield parameters of wheat was done for the RCBD design using MSTAT-C.

Source of Information: Annual Research Report, IWM Division, BARI--2013-14

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Irrigation had a significant positive effect on the growth, yield and yield contributing parameters of wheat. Plant height increased almost linearly with increasing the number of irrigation. The highest plant height (101.0 cm) was recorded in the treatment T₄ while the lowest was in treatment T₁. Yield contributing parameters like spike/m², spike length and spikelet per spike varied significantly with the different irrigation schedules. The highest spike density (507.67/m²) was obtained under the treatment that received a total of 3 irrigation at different growth stages followed by treatment T₃ with 2 irrigation at CRI and booting stages. Though both T₁ and T₂ received only one irrigation but farmers practice treatment T₁ had the lower spike density compared to T₂. A similar trend was observed in spike length, spikelet/spike and 1000-grain weight. Like other parameters, grain and straw yields were found to be increased with increasing frequencies of irrigation. The highest yield (4.08 t/ha) of wheat was obtained from T₄, receiving 3 irrigation at CRI, booting and grain filling stages, while the lowest (3.02 t/ha) was obtained from farmers practice treatment T₁. On average, the grain yield increased by 11, 29, and 35% in treatments T₂, T₃, and T₄ respectively over the control treatment, T_1. Like grain yield, irrigation had a clear effect on straw with its yield increased from farmers practice (control treatment) to the three times irrigated treatment. The highest straw yield ranged from 5.24 to 6.06 t/ha in T₄ and the lowest in the treatment T₁. Plants that received more irrigation had better vegetative growth and thereby yielded higher grain and straw yield than that of non-irrigated treatments. Compared to the control treatment, other treatments enhanced spike length, spikelet per spike, and number of grain per spike. These improved variables might collectively result in the higher 1000-grain weight and finally the higher grain yield. In case of harvest index (HI), higher value was recorded in the treatment that irrigated two times rather than that irrigated three times followed by the treatment that received irrigation at CRI stage only. In this case the lowest value of HI was obtained in the control treatment. The salt built-up was minimal at the time of sowing and gradually increased during the later growth stages in all the treatments. Irrigation had insignificant effect on changing the soil salinity. But there was a tendency to decrease the soil salinity with increasing the number and amount of irrigation water. Differences in salinity between different treatments were evident in later stages with higher salinity in plots that received less irrigation water and lower salinity in plots that received more irrigation. On average, the higher salinity was observed at later growth stages due to the gradual built-up of salts as time progresses. Rainfall before the grain filling stage leached some of the salts but was not sufficient to reduce the salinity level of the soil.

Knowledge Management: Report/Proceedings