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Determination of Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon Residues in Tomato and Reduction of Cypermethrin Residues in Tomato Using Rice Bran

M. Alamgir Z. Chowdhury
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Savar, Bangladesh

Shubhra Bhattacharjee
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

A. N. M. Fakhruddin
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

M. Nazrul Islam
Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Savar, Bangladesh

M. Khorshed Alam
Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Savar, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present study was an attempt to address the health hazard which posed by the ingestation of pesticide residues contained in tomato. Fourteen tomato samples were randomly selected from different shops of local markets of Savar Upazila, Bangladesh and analyzed to identify the level of widely applied cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and diazinon residues by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. It was found that out of 14 samples, five were found contaminated with cypermethrin and one with chlorpyrifos, but none residue of diazinon was detected in any of the tested samples. Only 7% of the samples were found contaminated with cypermethrin insecticide residue which was above the maximum residue level (MRL) adopted by the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), although cypermethrin (0.065 ± 0.07mg/kg) and chlorpyrifos (0.024 ± 0.041mg/kg) residues were detected in samples. Rice bran rubbing, a cheap decontamination technique, was used to treat applied cypermethrin residues. 0.45 mg/kg of cypermethrin spiked tomato samples were rubbed by rice bran paste for 5, 10 and 15min. Two experiments were conducted for assessing the efficiency of the adsorbent. Rubbing with rice bran paste for 10min, removed 97.73% and 97.4% in both trails, and whereas cypermethrin residue was not detected in tomato samples treated for 15 min. The removal efficiency was 97.56 ± 0.22% with the adsorbent rice bran rubbing for 10min. The result showed that cypermethrin residues of tomato sample could easily be decontaminated through absorption of rice bran.

Keywords: Solanaceae, Lycopersicum esculentum, Pesticides, Contamination, HPLC

Location: Savar Upazila under Dhaka district, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Food Safety and Security

Commodity: Pesticide

Objectives:

To provide information about pesticides residues in tomatoes and about the decontamination of cypermethrin in them by using rice bran paste.

Methodology:

Pesticides and Reagents - Reference grade chlorpyrifos, diazinon and cypermethrin, were obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH, D-86199 Augsburg, Germany. The reagents florisil (Magnesium silicate, Sigma, USA, mesh 60-100, Active at 1200ºF), n-hexane, Merck, Germany) and dichloromethane (Liquid chromatography grade, Merck, Germany), were procured and distilled before use. Sample Collection, Preservation and Pre-Extraction - Processing Tomato samples were obtained from 14 different vendors of local markets of Savar Upazila under Dhaka district, Bangladesh. Separated plastic bags in icebox were used during the sampling collection and given identification (I.D.) (TS-1 to TS-14). The samples were transferred to the laboratory as early as possible for analyzing and then refrigerated for further processing. Samples of each group were taken out from the refrigerator and normalized to ambient temperature, which is prior to extraction then chopped into small pieces and mixed well. Preparation of Rice Bran Paste and Tomato Samples Spiked with Cypermethrin - Rice bran and tomato samples were collected from local markets. Two hundred grams (dry weight basis) of rice bran were mixed with 200 mL of distilled water to process the rice bran paste according to Adachi and Okano´s method [15]. Four tomato samples, 50g each, were taken for the experiment. Tomato samples were spiked uniformly with cypermethrin (0.45mg/kg). Spiked tomato samples were rubbed with rice bran paste between 15 and 30 min. Samples spiked with pesticides were divided into four groups: (I) rubbed with no rice bran (control); (II) rubbed with rice bran for 5 min; (III) rubbed with rice bran for 10 min; (IV) rubbed with rice bran for 15 min. Processing of Tomato Samples by Shaker Extraction and Clean up - Fifty grams portion of homogenized tomato samples of each group was weighted (KEEN ABS 80-4, Germany) separately for subsequent experiment. The representative tomato samples were blended using a mortar-pestle, taken in a conical flask and extracted with 150mL solvent (135mL double distilled n-hexane and 15mL dichloromethane) using a shaker (MAX, 4000, Guyson Corporation, USA) for 16h at 150rpm. It was then kept standing for 10-15min for settle it down and the combined n-hexane and dichloromethane extractor was treated with 10g of anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove traces of water. Then the upper solvent layer was poured in another rounded bottom flask. The collected extract was then concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary vacuum evaporator (Rotavapor, R-215, BUCHI, Switzerland) and rinsed with double distilled n-hexane. The extract was passed through a column (10mm ID) with florisil (60-100 mesh). This extract was finally eluted with 100mL of dichloromethane 10% in double distilled n-hexane and again concentrated with the rotary vacuum evaporator to 2mL for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Sample Analyzing Instrument and Chromatographic Condition - A HPLC (SHIMADZU, Japan) mode equipped with SPD-M 10 Avp, SCL-10 Avp, CTO-10 Acvp, LC-10 Advp, DGU-14A; C18 Reverse Phase Alltech analytical column (4.6 × 250 mm) was used to analyze the tomato samples. The cleaned up tomato extracts, prior to analyses by HPLC, were passed through 0.45μm nylon (Alltech Assoc) syringe filters. Identification and Quantification Procedures - Retention time (RT) of the pure analytical pesticide standard was used to identify suspected pesticide in tomato samples. The retention feature was changed a little bit for the identification and a 0.05% difference was acceptable. The quantification of the identified pesticides was performed with a freshly prepared standard calibration curve of the relevant (standard) pesticide. Statistical Analysis - The SPSS software 16.0 was used to calculate mean, standard deviation and 95% confidence interval. To calculate the pesticide residues removal, the following formula was used. Residual pesticide (%) = [(Initial concentration - Final concentration)/Final concentration] x 100.

Source of Information: World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2013, Vol. 1, No. 2, 30-35

Article Link (Online Journal): Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/wjar/1/2/2 © Science and Education Publishing; DOI:10.12691/wjar-1-2-2

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The present study was an attempt to identify and to quantify the pesticide residues in tomato samples of local markets at Savar, Bangladesh. The study demonstrated that most of the tomato samples of local markets of Savar not contained residues of the monitored pesticides above the MRL, although some residues were detected in certain samples only. Cypermethrin was detected widely in comparison to organophosphate pesticides. Contaminated tomato samples excluding one sample was contaminated with chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in low concentrations, which do not pose serious health risk. The results confirmed that the applied pesticides remain present on the surface of tomatoes for a certain time. Rice bran paste was a good adsorbent. The findings revealed that this adsorbent removed 97% of cypermethrin residue by rubbing with rice bran paste for 10 min. Therefore, processing tomatoes with rice bran before reaching the consumers could reduce the health hazards of pesticide residues.

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