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Research Detail

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M. Z. Hoque
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

M. E. Haque
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

M. S. I. Afrad
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

M. N. Islam
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

The study was conducted to measure the status and determinants of profitability of floating agricultural practices in Barisal and Pirojpur districts of Bangladesh through intensive survey of randomly selected 125 farmers using pre-tested interview schedule. In floating beds, farmers of the study area are mainly practiced seedlings preparation and vegetables cultivation. Average per decimal cost for floating agriculture found TK. 703 and benefits was TK. 1231. The mean difference between per decimal cost and benefit of floating agriculture found significant and the average BCR was 1.75. Farmers are utilizing their income from floating mainly in cow and goat purchase, land lease/ purchase, house development, duck, hen, and pigeon purchase, mobile purchase etc. It was found that in all 74.3% respondents strongly agree that floating agriculture is effective to combat climate change. Farmers are strongly agree with floating agriculture crop do not hampered due to excessive flood, drought, river current, and salinity. Cropping intensity can be increased and self-employment is possible through floating agriculture. Family size, farm size, total floating land and knowledge on floating agriculture of the respondents had significant contribution on their per unit area income from floating agriculture. Among the contributing factors, total floating land alone contributed 30.3% of the total variations. Although floating agriculture is an hundred year old practice of group of people in the southwest region of the country. However, now it needs to be replicate in the light of a new science on a wider scale.

  Floating Agriculture, Profitability, Adaptation, Climate Change
  Barisal and Pirojpur districts of Bangladesh
  00-00-2013
  00-00-2014
  Risk Management in Agriculture
  Adoption and mitigation technology
  1. To assess the status of floating agricultural practices in the study area;
  2. To measure the profitability of floating agricultural practices in the study area;
  3. To find out the farmers characteristics influencing their unit area and income from floating agricultural practices.

Locale of the Study: Four unions namely Biswarkandi and Illuhar unions of Banaripara upazila under Barisal district, Baldia union of Nesarabad upazila and Kalardoania union of Nazirpur upazila under Pirojpur district were selected as locale of this study because of higher concentration of floating agriculture. Income from floating agriculture expected to have a large impact on the livelihood of the farmers in that area.

Population and Sample of the Study: All the farm family heads practicing floating agriculture of the selected four unions constituted the total eligible population units of the study. A list of the eligible units of population of selected four unions i.e., sampling frame was prepared very carefully. Total number of units of population was 500 (67 from Biswarkandi union, 89 from Illuhar union, 56 from Baldia union and 34 from Kalardoania union). Respondents were selected by using two stage random sampling technique. The researcher also kept a reserve list, which was used when any farmer from original list was unavailable at the time of data collection. To determine the sample size from total eligible population, the following statistical formula was used as stated by (Kothari, 2004). The minimum sample size was 125 with 10% margin of error at 90% confidence level. In considering time, resource and other aspects of reliability, the final sample size under this system was fixed at 125, which was almost 31% of the total eligible population. The estimated sample size was distributed proportionately to each of the selected unions according to the number of population units.

Tools of Data Collection: Primary, secondary, quantitative and qualitative data were accumulated for the present study. For collecting primary data at household level a pre-designed interview schedule was developed with balanced combination of both closed and open-ended questions and the same was pre-tested before finalization. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques like Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Case study and Direct Observations were also applied for triangulation of data.

Data Collection: Data were collected during the months from April, 2013 to October, 2014 by the researcher team. To get the valid and pertinent information the researcher tried to make all possible efforts to explain the purpose of the study to the respondents. While starting interview, the researcher took utmost care to establish rapport with the respondents, so that they do not feel hesitant or hostile to furnish proper responses to the questions of the instrument. All possible precautions were taken to avoid bias and to maintain fidelity of responses. It was the researcher’s privilege to be a native of the study area and thus to overcome the language problem. While interviewing, local dialect was used that helped both the researcher and the interviewees to understand each other. The questions were explained and clarified whenever any respondents felt difficulty in understanding properly. Care was taken not to use technical jargon, not to feed answer to farmers by teaching them terminology or using names. Where necessary questions were asked in several different ways until the researcher was sure that farmer understood the questions. If farmers response was not clear enough what he intended to mean, supplementary questions were asked for further clarification. Interviewer effect such as assuming the meaning of a response was then kept to a minimum.

Measurements of Variables: Profitability of floating agriculture was determined by analyzing BCR of individual respondent for a season of his floating agriculture practices using gross return and total cost.

BCR= Gross return/Total Cost

Per unit area income from floating agriculture of the respondent was determined by determining the respondent’s per decimal income in taka from floating agriculture in a season.

Per unit area income = Total income from a floating agriculture in a season/Total floating land in decimal

Effectiveness of floating agriculture to combat climate change was determined by taking the opinions of the respondents against the floating effectiveness related statements. Based on available literature and experience of the researcher and suggestions of the experts, 11 statements were selected. Respondents’ were asked to furnish their opinions against each statements on three point scale (strongly agree, agree and disagree). Their responses were compiled in frequencies and percentages against individual statement as well as overall effectiveness. A regression equation was developed by using collected data to find out the factors influencing unit area income of floating agriculture. Selected socio-economic characters were considered as influencing factors. Influence of each factor was analyzed in percentage. The analysis was done by determining the difference between R2 of regression equation containing all factors and regression equation containing focused factors.

Y = B0 + B1X1 + B2X2 +……. + BnXn; Where: Y = dependent variable X1, X2, …, Xn = any independent variables B0, B1, Bn = any constants

Data Processing and Analysis: After collection of data, all the information contained in the interview schedule was edited. All the collected data were then checked and cross checked, compiled, coded and entered into the computer for analysis and interpretation using SPSS program. Qualitative data were converted into quantitative form by means of suitable scoring. Data were presented mostly in tabular forms, statistical measures like number, range, mean and standard deviation were calculated in describing the status and profitability of floating agriculture. To find out whether any significant differences were existed among the opinions of the respondents on the statements of judging the effectiveness of floating agriculture to combat the impact of climate change, Chi-square test was used. Coefficients of correlation were computed to find out the relationships between socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and their unit area income from floating agriculture. To find out the contribution of socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents on their unit area income from floating agriculture, multiple as well as stepwise regression analysis were used.

  International Journal of Economic Theory and Application, 2016; 3(1): 14-25; ISSN: 2375-298X
  http://article.aascit.org/file/pdf/9180758.pdf
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

It was found that mean difference between benefit and cost of per decimal floating agriculture was highly significant. Findings also indicated that 75.2% of respondents got at least Tk 1001 benefit from their per decimal floating agriculture and average BCR was 1.76 which means if a farmer invest TK1.00 for floating agriculture then he will get TK 1.76. Hence it may be concluded that floating agriculture is profitable for the farmer. In the present study, effectiveness of floating agriculture was measured by measuring the farmers’ perception against related 11 statements with three points scale. Most of the respondent farmers were strongly agree that production of floating agriculture crop do not hampered due to excessive flood, drought, and river current. So, it can be concluded that floating agriculture is effective to combat the effect of climate change of Bangladesh. Findings also revealed that majority of farmers who practiced floating agriculture perceived that excessive river current cannot make any significant difficulty in production of floating agriculture crop and salinity cannot make any significant damage in production of floating agriculture crop. It also provides the rural poor with self-employment opportunity. So floating agriculture may be an effective way to combat the scarcity of cultivable land by increasing cropping intensity in wetland areas of Bangladesh. It is expected that socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers may have contribution of their adoption technology and or benefit earned from that. That is way, in the present study it was analyzed that whether there were any significant contribution of socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents farmers with their per unit area income from floating agriculture. Findings of the present study revealed that family size, farm size, total floating land and knowledge on floating agriculture of the respondents had significant contribution on their per unit area income from floating agriculture of which total floating land alone contributed 30.3% of total variations. Hence it can be conclude that total floating land of the farmers is identified as most contributory factor. That is higher the total floating land of the farmers higher their benefits from floating agriculture practice. It is apprehend that the sea level rises due to global warming so more areas of Bangladesh will undergo water logging and more land will become unavailable for crop production (BARC, 1991). The findings of the present study lead to conclude that farmers’ perceptions about climate change are more or less appropriate and they are aware about climate change and floating agriculture is identified as a profitable practice. Hence it is recommended that necessary steps need to be taken by GOs and NGOs for expending floating agriculture practice in the southern parts of the country as a sustainable development strategy. Floating agriculture is an age-old practice followed by the flood affected south- western districts of Bangladesh. It is an indigenous practice of sustainable wetland utilization. People living within the wetland ecosystem utilize locally available water hyacinths, paddy straw and various aquatic plants for making floating islands of organic materials on which crops, seedlings and vegetables are grown. Findings of the study revealed that farmers are maintaining the size and area of floating bed, crop selections, intercultural operations, and other crop production practices as their own choice and experience. So, it is recommended that BARI may take initiative to make the floating agriculture practice more scientific through several field oriented research program. From the findings it is concluded that floating agriculture provides the rural poor with self-employment opportunity and it is a profitable and effective way to combat the scarcity of cultivable land by increasing cropping intensity in wetland areas of Bangladesh. So GOs and NGOs may take initiatives to provide easy and required financial assistance for rural poor to expanding floating agriculture. Water hyacinth is a major floating bed material. In Bangladesh several areas like beel area of Banaripara, Nesarabad, Nazirpurupazila of Barasal and Pirojpur districts and surrounding area of Kapti Lake of Rangamati District and also other areas water hyacinth created barrier in the river and lake and river transport ways. So, for cleaning those area by making floating bed with the help VGD (Vulnerable Group Development) and other relief support programs from government may be an effective way to clean the river way as well as support for rural poor. Initiative is also needed to introduce floating agriculture in northern wetlands, like haor areas and Kapti Lake area of Rangamati district where lack of agricultural land in rainy season causes joblessness of people and take place negatively impacts on local poverty level. Finally, by establishing an effective market system, floating agriculture initiatives may find its niche beyond the national boundary, as global market for free-trade and organic foods are increasing in western markets.

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