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Direct and Residual Effects of Applied Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Soil Properties in a Wheat-rice Cropping Pattern

M. Bodruzzaman
Wheat Research Centre, BARI

M. A. Sadat
Wheat Research Centre, BARI

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Integrated use of chemical fertilizers with organic matter can help for a sustainable and, environmentally sound agriculture production in soils low in organic matter. A 17 years study with rice and wheat cropping pattern was conducted on a sandy loam soil at Wheat Research Centre, Nashipur, Dinajpur, Bangladesh to investigate the direct, renewed and residual effect of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers on crop productivity and soil fertility. The experiment was laid out with nine treatments in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were: 1) absolute control (no fertilizers, no manures), 2) 100% NPKSZn of recommended dose, 3) 75% NPKSZn of recommended dose, 4) 75%NPKSZn+ farm yard manure (FYM) applied in wheat (a direct effect for wheat and residual effect for rice), 5) 75% NPKSZn+FYM applied in both wheat and rice (a renewed effect for both continuing crops), 6) 75% NPKSZn+FYM applied in rice (a direct effect for rice and a residual effect for wheat), 7) 75% NPKSZn+ poultry manure (PM) applied in wheat (a direct for wheat and a residual effect for rice), 8) 75% NPKSZn+PM applied in both wheat and rice (a renewed effect) and 9) 75% NPKSZn+PM applied in rice (a direct effect for rice and a residual effect for wheat). The results indicated that a wheat yield-increasing trend was observed for the PM treatment both as direct and residual. However, a yield-declining trend was observed in the control. There was no definite wheat yield trend for the other treatments. No definite rice yield trend was observed irrespective the treatments. The results showed that organic manures had direct and residual effects on both rice and wheat yields, but the effect of PM was dominant. Plots with FYM plus 75% NPKSZn produced equivalent or higher yields as plots applied 100% NPKSZn indicating that FYM can substitute for 25% of the inorganic fertilizers. Organic manure application in dry land winter crops like wheat performed better than organic manure application in wetland summer crop like rice. The results also showed that OM application in both crops was not encouraging. The highest mean yield of wheat and rice was recorded in PM treatment as direct in wheat and in both crops, respectively. The total (wheat + rice) highest yield was 8,791 kg ha^-1 year^-1 recorded in PM as both crops and followed by 8773 kg ha^-1 year^-1 direct in wheat treatment.. The soil analysis data indicated that pH was unchanged or reduced in control and inorganic fertilizers treatments, but increased in plots with added organic manures with dominant trend in PM plots. Percent reduction of OM in plots with inorganic fertilizers treatments was observed. However, the increasing trends of OM were observed in plots organic manures received. An increasing trend was prominent in PM application treatments. Percent total N was increased in integrated use of OM with inorganic fertilizers, but reduced in control and inorganic fertilizers receiving plot treatments. The content of available P was increased dramatically in PM applied plot treatments. It was unchanged in 100% NPKSZn and reduced in control and in 75% NPKSZn. Exchangeable K was reduced in control and inorganic fertilizer treatment, but was increased in others. The available S was sustained in control and only 75% chemical fertilizers treatment and was increased in all treatments than initial. Soil bulk density was decreased and total porosity was increased as a result of organic manure application. However, decreasing trend of bulk density and increasing trend of total porosity were dominant with poultry manure application than FYM.

Keywords: Poultry manure, Farm yard manure, Chemical fertilizer

Location: Nashipur, Dinajpur,

Start Date: 00-00-2013

End Date: 00-00-2014

Program Area: Farming System

Commodity: Wheat, Rice

Objectives:

To observe the performance of integrated use of poultry manure (PM), farm yard manure (FYM) and chemical fertilizer to sustain soil fertility and productivity in wheat-rice cropping pattern

Methodology:

The experiment was conducted at Wheat Research Centre (WRC), Nashipur, Dinajpur, Bangladesh (25⁰38' N, 88⁰41' E, 38.2 m above sea level) for 17-yrs with Wheat-Rice cropping system under Old Himalayan piedmont plain. The soil was sandy loam in texture (58.24% sand, 22% silt, 19.76% clay). At the beginning of the experiment, the soil was low in available N, medium in available P, low in exchangeable K, medium in available S and medium in Zn. The soil reaction was acidic in nature. The experiment was initiated with wheat during the 1997-98 wheat- growing seasons. The experiment was conducted in the fixed experimental site. The layout of the plots was kept undisturbed for growing the following rice. The experiment consisted of 9 treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The treatments for wheat were: control (T₁), 100% NPKSZn (T₂), 75% NPKSZn (T₃), 75% NPKSZn+FYM (T₄), 75% NPKSZn+FYM (T₅), 75% NPKSZn (T₆), 75% NPKSZn+PM (T₇), 75% NPKSZn+PM (T₈) and 75% NPKSZn (T₉). In case of rice, the treatments were control (T₁), 100% NPKSZn (T₂), 75% NPKSZn (T₃), 75% NPKSZn (T₄), 75% NPKSZn+FYM (T₅), 75% NPKSZn+FYM (T₆), 75% NPKSZn (T₇), 75% NPKSZn+PM (T₈) and 75% NPKSZn+PM (T₉). For rice, FYM (Farm yard manure) and PM (Poultry manure) were excluded from the treatment T₄ and T₇to observe residual effects in rice of FYM and PM, respectively. FYM and PM were included to T₆ and T₉, respectively to see the direct effects of FYM and PM in rice. Wheat and rice received FYM and PM in the treatments T₅ and T_8, respectively to evaluate the effect of double application of organic manures per year for each of those crops. One hundred percent rates of recommended chemical fertilizers for both wheat and rice were 26 kg P, 33 kg K, 20 kg S and 4 kg Zn ha^-1. However, the 100% recommended rate of nitrogen was 100 and 70 kg ha^-1 for wheat and rice, respectively. Organic manures, both PM and FYM were incorporated @ the rate of 10t ha^-1 to soil 4-5 and 15 days before seeding wheat and transplanted monsoon rice, respectively. The dry matter of FYM was added 89.54, 168.20 and 78.49 ton ha^-1 in FYM as wheat, both crops and as rice treatments, respectively. The dry matter of PM was added 110.42, 207.81 and 103.14 ton ha^-1 in PM as wheat, both crops and as rice treatments, respectively. The surface soil (0-15 cm) was sampled at the beginning from the experimental site and from individual plots after completing 3, 9 12 and 15 cycles and chemically analyzed in laboratory to determine %total N, available P, exchangeable K, %organic matter and pH. Available S also determined after 12 crop cycles. Bulk density and percent porosity of surface soil (0-15 cm) of individual treatment were measured after 10 crop cycles. Data were statistically analyzed with MSTAT following the F-test and the mean comparisons were made by DMRT at 0.05% level.

Source of Information: Annual Research Report, Wheat Research Centre, BARI--2013-14

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The soil pH, % OM, % total N, available P, exchangeable K and available S content significantly responded to the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in wheat–rice cropping pattern. The pH was unchanged in control, inorganic fertilizers and FYM receiving treatments than initial after 3 crop cycles. However, it increased in treatments receiving PM compared to its initial soil test result. After 9 crop cycles the pH was similar in 75% NPKSZn, FYM receiving treatments and control although numerically higher in FYM treatments. However, PM receiving treatments produced significantly higher soil pH than all other treatments. Soil pH was significantly lower in 100% chemicals treatment than others. After 12 crop cycles, soil pH was sustained in control and 100% chemical fertilizers treatment compared to initial. It was increased in all FYM and PM receiving treatments than initial. The pH was similar in all PM plots and that was significantly higher than all other treatments. Again, the soil pH was significantly higher in all FYM receiving treatments than 100% chemical fertilizers treatment. After 15 crop cycles, soil pH was significantly higher in all OM receiving treatments than control and only chemical fertilizers receiving treatments with the maximum in PM as double treatment. The pH was reduced in control and only chemical fertilizers receiving treatments than initial. The results indicated that organic manures could increase pH of low pH soil.

From the experimental results it can be concluded that the combine use of organic manure with inorganic fertilizers performed better than sole inorganic fertilizers to sustain the soil fertility and system productivity. Also the PM could be used instead of FYM to get higher yields and to better sustain soil nutrient availability. It was better to apply organic manures to the dry land winter crop than in wetland summer crop to obtain higher residual benefit. From the soil analysis results it can be concluded that continuous application of organic manures could enhance soil fertility and the % OM content in soil although the decomposition rate of OM in high humid and temperature condition in sub-tropics region is quicker.

Knowledge Management: Report/Proceedings