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Direct and Residual Effects of Applied Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on Yield and Soil Property in a Wheat-rice Cropping Pattern

M. BODRUZZAMAN
Wheat Research Centre, BARI

M. A. SADAT
Wheat Research Centre, BARI

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Integrated use of chemical fertilizers with organic matter can help for a sustainable and, environmentally sound agriculture production in soils low in organic matter. An 18 years study with rice and wheat cropping pattern was conducted on a sandy loam soil at Wheat Research Centre, Nashipur, Dinajpur, The experiment was laid out with nine treatments in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were: 1) absolute control (no fertilizers, no manures), 2) 100% NPKSZn of recommended dose, 3) 75% NPKSZn of recommended dose, 4) 75% NPKSZn+ farm yard manure (FYM) applied in wheat (a direct effect for wheat and residual effect for rice), 5) 75% NPKSZn+FYM applied in both wheat and rice (a renewed effect for both continuing crops), 6) 75% NPKSZn+FYM applied in rice (a direct effect for rice and a residual effect for wheat), 7) 75% NPKSZn+ poultry manure (PM) applied in wheat (a direct for wheat and a residual effect for rice), 8) 75% NPKSZn+PM applied in both wheat and rice (a renewed effect) and 9) 75% NPKSZn+PM applied in rice (a direct effect for rice and a residual effect for wheat). The results indicated that a wheat yield-increasing trend was observed for the PM treatment both as direct and residual. However, a yield-declining trend was observed in the control. There was no definite wheat yield trend for the other treatments. No definite rice yield trend was observed irrespective the treatments. The results showed that organic manures had direct and residual effects on both rice and wheat yields, but the effect of PM was dominant. Plots with FYM plus 75% NPKSZn produced equivalent or higher yields as plots applied 100% NPKSZn indicating that FYM can substitute for 25% of the inorganic fertilizers. Organic manure application in dry land winter crops like wheat performed better than organic manure application in wetland summer crop like rice. The results also showed that OM application in both crops was not encouraging. The highest mean yield of wheat and rice was recorded in PM treatment as direct in wheat and in both crops, respectively. The total (wheat + rice) highest yield was 8,830 kg ha^-1 year^-1 recorded in PM as both crops and followed by 8,803 kg ha^-1 year^-1 direct in wheat treatment.. The soil analysis data indicated that pH was unchanged or reduced in control and inorganic fertilizers treatments, but increased in plots with added organic manures with dominant trend in PM plots. Percent reduction of OM in plots with inorganic fertilizers treatments was observed. However, the increasing trends of OM were observed in plots organic manures received. An increasing trend was prominent in PM application treatments. Percent total N was increased in integrated use of OM with inorganic fertilizers, but reduced in control and inorganic fertilizers receiving plot treatments. The content of available P was increased dramatically in PM applied plot treatments. It was unchanged in 100% NPKSZn and reduced in control and in 75% NPKSZn. Exchangeable K was reduced in control and inorganic fertilizer treatment, but was increased in others. The available S was sustained in control and only 75% chemical fertilizers treatment and was increased in all treatments than initial. Exchangeable Ca content was higher in organic manures receiving treatments than inorganic only and the highest was found in PM as both crops plot. Soil bulk density was decreased and total porosity was increased as a result of organic manure application. However, decreasing trend of bulk density and increasing trend of total porosity were dominant with poultry manure application than FYM.

Keywords: Poultry manure, Farm yard manure, Chemical fertilizer, Wheat, Rice

Location: Nashipur, Dinajpur

Start Date: 00-00-1997

End Date: 00-00-2015

Program Area: Farming System

Commodity: Fertilizer, Manures, Wheat, Rice

Objectives:

To observe the performance of integrated use of poultry manure (PM), farm yard manure (FYM) and chemical fertilizer to sustain soil fertility and productivity in wheat-rice cropping pattern.

Methodology:

The experiment was conducted at Wheat Research Centre (WRC), Nashipur, Dinajpur, for 18-yrs with Wheat-Rice cropping system. The soil was sandy loam in texture (58.24% sand, 22% silt, 19.76% clay). At the beginning of the experiment, the soil was low in available N, medium in available P, low in exchangeable K, medium in available S and medium in Zn. The soil reaction was acidic in nature. The experiment was initiated with wheat during the 1997-98 wheat- growing season. The experiment was conducted in the fixed experimental site. The layout of the plots was kept undisturbed for growing the following rice. The experiment consisted of 9 treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The treatments for wheat were: control (T₁), 100% NPKSZn (T₂), 75% NPKSZn (T₃), 75% NPKSZn+FYM (T₄), 75% NPKSZn+FYM (T₅), 75% NPKSZn (T₆), 75% NPKSZn+PM (T₇), 75% NPKSZn+PM (T₈) and 75% NPKSZn (T₉). In case of rice, the treatments were control (T₁), 100% NPKSZn (T₂), 75% NPKSZn (T₃), 75% NPKSZn (T₄), 75% NPKSZn+FYM (T₅), 75% NPKSZn+FYM (T₆), 75% NPKSZn (T₇), 75% NPKSZn+PM (T₈) and 75% NPKSZn+PM (T₉). For rice, FYM (Farm yard manure) and PM (Poultry manure) were excluded from the treatment T₄ and T₇to observe residual effects in rice of FYM and PM, respectively. FYM and PM were included to T₆ and T₉, respectively to see the direct effects of FYM and PM in rice. Wheat and rice received FYM and PM in the treatments T₅ and T_8, respectively to evaluate the effect of double application of organic manures per year for each of those crops. One hundred percent rates of recommended chemical fertilizers for both wheat and rice were 26 kg P, 33 kg K, 20 kg S and 4 kg Zn ha^-1. However, the 100% recommended rate of nitrogen was 100 and 70 kg ha^-1 for wheat and rice, respectively. Organic manures, both PM and FYM were incorporated @ the rate of 10t ha^-1 to soil 4-5 and 15 days before seeding wheat and transplanted monsoon rice, respectively. Up to June 2015, the dry matter of FYM was added 94.43, 177.37 and 82.77 ton ha^-1 in FYM as wheat, both crops and as rice treatments, respectively and the dry matter of PM was added 116.18, 218.82 and 108.39 ton ha^-1 in PM as wheat, both crops and as rice treatments, respectively. The full dose of TSP, MP, gypsum, zinc oxide and two-third of urea were applied in wheat at the time of land preparation. The rest of urea was applied at crown root initiation (CRI) stage (18 days after sowing). The full amount of TSP, MP, gypsum and zinc oxide were applied in monsoon rice at the time of final land preparation. Urea were applied in three equal splits 15 days after transplanting, at maximum tillering and booting stages of the crop.

The surface soil (0-15 cm) was sampled at the beginning from the experimental site and from individual plots after completing 3, 9 12 and 15 cycles and chemically analyzed in laboratory to determine %total N, available P, exchangeable K, % organic matter and pH. Available S also determined after 12 crop cycles. Soils collected from individual plot after 15 crop cycles were analyzed for exchangeable Ca. Bulk density and percent porosity of surface soil (0-15 cm) of individual treatment were measured after 10 crop cycles. Data were statistically analyzed with MSTAT following the F-test and the mean comparisons were made by DMRT at 0.05% level

Source of Information: Annual Research Report, Wheat Research Centre, BARI--2014-15

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Achievement/Findings:

Overall results showed that organic manures had direct and residual effect on grain yield of rice and organic manures applied in one crop were sufficient to obtain higher yields in the other. Poultry manure was more effective than FYM in producing higher grain yields. The highest total yield (wheat + rice) was recorded 8830 kg ha^-1 year^-1in the treatment where PM was applied in both crops and direct to wheat but residual for rice in combination with 75% NPKSZn produced yield 8803 kg ha^-1 year^-1. However, residual to wheat direct to rice produced total yield 8434 kg ha^-1 year^-1. The treatment, FYM applied in wheat (direct for wheat, residual for rice) produced higher total yield than FYM applied in rice (direct for rice, residual for wheat). The result indicated that the residual effect of organic manures carried over more when it was applied in dry land winter crop to succeeding summer crop than applying to a wetland summer crop carried over to the succeeding dry land winter crop. Perhaps, the decomposition rate of organic manures was higher under high humidity and temperature conditions in summer compared to the low humidity and temperature in the winter.

From the experimental results it can be concluded that the combine use of organic manure with inorganic fertilizers performed better than sole inorganic fertilizers to sustain the soil fertility and system productivity. Also the PM could be used instead of FYM to get higher yields and to better sustain soil nutrient availability. It was better to apply organic manures to the dry land winter crop than in wetland summer crop to obtain higher residual benefit. From the soil analysis results it can be concluded that continuous application of organic manures could enhance soil fertility and the % OM content in soil although the decomposition rate of OM in high humid and temperature condition in sub-tropics region is quicker.

Knowledge Management: Report/Proceedings