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Effect of Crop Residues on Soils Property and Crop Yield in Wheat-rice Cropping Pattern

M. BODRUZZAMAN
Wheat Research Centre, BARI

M. A. SADAT
Wheat Research Centre, BARI

A. Z. SARKER
Wheat Research Centre, BARI

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

A long-term experiment was initiated during the year 2003-2004 at wheat Research Center to know the effects of crop residues on wheat-rice cropping pattern. The treatments were 1) Residues removed from the plots, 2) 1/2 residues of both wheat and rice crops remain in the plots, 3) 1/3 residues of both wheat and rice crops remain in the plots, 4) 1/2 residues of wheat remain in the plots, 5) 1/3 residues of wheat remain in the plots, 6) 1/2 residues of rice remain in the plots, 7) 1/3 residues of rice remain in the plots. Data on the yields of 11 crop cycles were taken. The rice yield was responded to addition crop residues in all the seasons. However, wheat yield was responded during 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2010-11 and thereafter to residues addition. Although wheat yield was not significantly responded to addition of crop residues in each year, addition of crop residues produced numerically higher yield compared to residues removed treatment. The highest yields of both the crops were obtained in 1/2 residues of both the crops remaining treatment. Percent mean yield increase over the years was found as 10 and 16 in ½ residues of both crops remaining treatment than residues removed plot for wheat and rice, respectively. The soil analysis data after 5 and 9 crop cycles indicated that soil pH and S was unchanged irrespective of the treatments. In contrast, of soil pH, available P and, %OM, %total N and exchangeable K enhanced in plots where crop residues were added than crop residues removed. The highest exchangeable Ca content was found in plot where ½ residues of both crops were added.

Keywords: Cropping pattern, Soil fertility, Wheat, Rice, Crop residue

Location: Dinajpur

Start Date: 00-00-2003

End Date: 00-00-2015

Program Area: Farming System

Commodity: Wheat, Rice

Objectives:

To observe the performance of crop residues to sustain soil fertility and productivity in wheat-rice cropping pattern.

Methodology:

A long-term experiment has been initiated in 2003-04 cropping season in the farm of Wheat Research Centre (WRC), Dinajpur, The results of the 11-years studies were presented in this paper. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam and slightly acidic in nature. The experiment consisted of 7 treatments was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The treatments were: 1) Residues removed from the plots, 2) 1/2 residues of both crops remained in the plots, 3) 1/3 residues of both crops remained in the plots, 4) 1/2 residues of wheat remained in the plots, 5) 1/3 residues of wheat remained in the plots, 6) 1/2 residues of rice remained in the plots, 7) 1/3 residues of rice remained in the plots. Although the experiment has been initiated during wheat growing season in 2003-04, the treatments were imposed from 2^nd crop of rice in 1^st crop cycle and therefore, the wheat yield of the 1^st season was not presented. The straw of the both crops with the above mentioning portions for different treatments was chopped and incorporated with the soils by ploughing after harvesting each crop immediately. The dry residues of the crops was added 56.97, 42.56, 26.74, 18.80, 30.22 and 19.42 t/ha in 1/2 residues of both crops, 1/3 residues of both crops remained in the plots, 1/2 of wheat, 1/3 of wheat, 1/2 of rice and 1/3 of rice remained in the plots, respectively during the 10-years studies. The blanket dose of NPKSZn was applied each and way treatments for both rice and wheat. The rates of chemical fertilizers for both wheat and rice were 26 kg P, 33 kg K, 20 kg S and 4 kg Zn ha^-1. However, the rate of nitrogen was 100 and 70 kg ha^-1 for growing wheat and monsoon rice, respectively. Chemical fertilizers were applied as recommended time and methods for the crops. Wheat variety, Shatabdi was used up to wheat season 2013-14 and it had been changed with BARI Gom 26 in 2014-15. BRRI Dhan39 was used as rice variety. Wheat seed @ 120 kg ha^-1 was sown on optimum time (last week of November) every year and the crop was harvested at the maturity (normally 115 days after sowing). Thirty days old seedlings of monsoon rice were transplanted on last week of July in each year and the crop was harvested at maturity on the 2^nd week of November. Three irrigation were applied for wheat at 18, 52 and 72 days after sowing (DAS). The rice was grown with natural rain, but single irrigation was applied in the 1^st week of October if necessary. Weeding was done once for wheat after 1^st irrigation and for rice 25 days after transplanting. Plant protection measures viz. insecticide and fungicide sprays were not necessary since the wheat crop remains free from insect and pathogen attack. But in monsoon rice, Marshal, an insecticide @ 1.0 litre ha^-1 was applied twice to control stem borers. The surface soil (0-15 cm) was sampled from individual plot after completion of 5 and 9 crop cycles and chemically analyzed in laboratory to determine pH following 1:1 soil-water suspension by glass electrode pH meter, available P and S, and exchangeable K (Knudsen et al., 1982). Also exchangeable Ca was analyzed after 9 crop cycles. Data were statistically analyzed with MSTAT following the F-test and the mean comparisons were made by DMRT at 5% level of probability.

Source of Information: Annual Research Report, Wheat Research Centre, BARI--2014-15

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The yield of wheat was responded in 2005-06, 2007-08, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 2013-14 and 2014-15 among the treatments and the yield was not significantly differed in 2004-05, 2006-07, 2008-09 and 2009-10. The highest grain yield was obtained in 1/2 residues of both crops remaining treatment in all season. That was significantly higher than control when crop was responded to added residues. The spikes sterility was recorded irrespective the treatments that resulted in lower yield in all treatments in 2006-07 than other years. Addition of crop residues had significant effect on rice yield in each year. The highest yield was recorded in 1/2 residues of both crops remaining treatment in all years and that was significantly higher than all other treatments in 2005, 2006 and 2007. In 2004, 1/2 residues of both crops remaining treatment produced higher yield compared to residues removed, 1/2 and 1/3 residues of only rice remaining treatments. In 2008 and 2009, the yield was found significantly higher in 1/2 residues of both crops remaining treatment than residues removed and 1/3 residues of sole wheat remaining treatments. In 2010, yield in 1/2 residues of both crops remaining treatment was significantly higher than residues removed although it was identical with all other residues receiving treatments. In 2011, the yield in ½ residues of both crops remaining plot produced significantly higher yield than 1/3 residues of wheat remaining plot only among the residues receiving treatments. In 2012, the yield in ½ residues of both crops remaining plot was higher than 1/3 wheat straw receiving plot and similar to all others residues receiving plots. In 2013, ½ residues of both crops remaining plot produced higher yield than all others residues remaining plots including residue removed except 1/3 residues of both crops and 1/2 residues of rice. In 2014, ½ residues of both crops plot produced significantly higher yield compared to residue removed, 1/3 wheat straw and 1/3 rice straw remaining treatments. . This results indicated that crop production environment in soil is improving due to addition of crop residues. The residues receiving treatments mainly produced higher number of grains panicle^-1 with enhancing soil fertility contributed higher yield.

Results indicated that residues remaining treatments produced higher yield of crops and enhanced soil fertility than residues removed. In Bangladesh, rice crop occupies all most all of total cultivable lands in monsoon rice season. Again, in winter, the wheat covers 0.45 million hectare lands. The recycling of crop residues has the great potential to return a considerable amount of plant nutrients to the soil in the rice based crop production systems. Particularly the rice-wheat cropping system is the most intensive production system in the country. The yield stagnation consequent upon the declining soil organic matter and soil fertility in this country is a major threat to this system. This threat could be minimize by managing crop residues effectively and efficiently for enhancing soil organic matter and maintaining the sustainability of production in rice- wheat system.

Knowledge Management: Report/Proceedings