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Detection of Residual Levels and Associated Health Risk of Seven Pesticides in Fresh Eggplant and Tomato Samples from Narayanganj District, Bangladesh

Md. Nur Alam
Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment,Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh.

M. Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury
Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment,

M. Sabir Hossain
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.

Mohammad Mijanur Rahman
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.

M. Abdur Rahman
Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment,

Siew Hua Gan
Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Md. Ibrahim Khalil
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Residual levels of seven frequently used pesticides were investigated in 140 samples of two common vegetables, eggplants and tomatoes, from agricultural fields in the Narayanganj district of Bangladesh. The analysis of pesticide residues was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. A large percentage of the eggplants (50%) and tomatoes (60%) from the Narayanganj district were contaminated with pesticides, and all of the levels were above the maximum residual limit (MRL) proposed by the EC regulation. Diazinon was the most common (35%) pesticide detected in the vegetable samples at a concentration of 45–450 times higher than the MRL. The health risk index for diazinon was highest for both eggplant and tomato samples, which may be due to its physiochemical properties. Fenitrothion and linuron are the two second most common types of pesticides detected in the vegetable samples. Regular monitoring of the use of common pesticides on vegetables should be conducted.

Keywords: Pesticides, Fresh Eggplant and Tomato

Location: Narayanganj District (Rupgonj, Sonargaon, and Arihajar Upazilas

Start Date: 00-06-2011

End Date: 00-12-2011

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Pesticide, Tomato

Objectives:

To investigate the health risk and residue contamination levels of five organophosphates (diazinon, dimethoate, fenitrothion, parathion, and phosphamidon), one carbamate (carbofuran), and one phenyl urea herbicide (linuron) in two common vegetables (eggplant and tomato).

Methodology:

The vegetables were collected between June 2011 and December and March 2011 from the agricultural fields of three districts from Narayanganj (Rupgonj, Sonargaon, and Arihajar Upazilas), which are industrial areas located close to Dhaka City. Ten samples each of eggplants and tomatoes were collected directly from selected fields in the sampling area. The samples were placed in sterile polyethylene bags and transported to the laboratory on ice. hey were stored at 4^?C until analysis (within 24 hours). Each vegetable sample (10g) was homogenized with an Ultra-Turrax macerator (IKA-Labortechnik, Janke & Kunkel GMBH & CO.KG, Germany) at high speed for 3 min using a 40 mL solvent mixture that consisted of double-distilled hexane : acetone (3 : 1) at room temperature. Anhydrous sodium sulfate (20.0 g) was added to remove any remaining moisture. he samples were then centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 rpm, and the supernatant was transferred to a clean, graduated cylinder for volume measurement. The organic extract was concentrated to 5 mL on a vacuum rotary evaporator (Buchi, Switzerland) using a water bath at 45^?C and 3.63 psi. The extract was cleaned up in a heat-activated (150^?C for 4 h) charcoal-silica gel-alumina (0.1 :5.0 :5.0) column followed by elution with a solvent mixture of dichloromethane (2%) in double-distilled hexane. The elute was concentrated to 1 mL in a rotary evaporator, followed by evaporation to dryness under a gentle nitrogen stream. The dried sample was reconstituted in acetonitrile (1mL) prior to injection into high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Chromatographic Analysis was conducted by a HPLC (Shimadzu, Japan) LC-10ADvp, equipped with an SPD-M 10 Avp attached to a photodiode array detector (Shimadzu SPD-M 10 Avp, 200–800nm). A C18 Reverse Phase Alltech (250× 4.6 mm, 5 µ m)was used as the analytical column,and the column temperature was maintained at 30^?C. Acetonitrile in distilled water (70 : 30) was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. Prior to HPLC analysis,the samples were iltered through0.45 µm nylon (Alltech Associates, IL, USA) syringe ilters. The chromatograms were obtained following manual injection (20 µL) of both standard and sample solution. The suspected pesticides were identiied based on the retention times of the respective standard pesticide preparation. For preparation of the calibration curve, equal volumes of several diferent concentrations of standard solutions were injected into the HPLC machine. Quantiication was performed according to the calibration method described by Bhattacharjee et al. [13 ]. The validation of the analytical method was performed according to the European Commission (EC) guidelines in terms of the accuracy, precision, and limit of quantiication (LOQ) [ 14 ]. Accuracy was calculated by analyzing the sam-ples of known concentration (µ=3) and comparing the estimated values with the actual values. Within our experimental limit, mean recovery for accuracy should be within 70– 120%. For accuracy experiments, tomato and eggplant (20g) were utilized as matrix ater homogenization and addition of appropriate amount of pesticides standards at two diferent fortiication levels (0.05 and 0.50 µ g/mL). Control samples were processed along with spiked ones. Both sample and standard preparation were stood for one hour to permit equilibration. Equilibration was followed by extraction and cleanup process as described above. The precision was estimated by monitoring the repeated (n=6) peak response and expressed by relative standard deviation (RSD). The acceptance criterion for precision is RSD ≤ 20%. he LOQ was evaluated as signal-to-noise ratios of 10 :1 and was obtained by analyzing unspiked samples ( n=10). LOQ must be lower than reporting limit and MRL with mean recoveries within 70–120% and RSD ≤ 20%. he average percentage recoveries ranged from 80.33% to 99.00% while precision ranged from 3.14% to 13.25%. In the present study, the LOQ was lower than reporting limit and MRLand ranged from 0.0036 to 0.0045 mg/kg for tomato and 0.0030 to 0.0037 for eggplant. The health risk indices asso-ciated with pesticide residues were estimated from food consumption. The estimated daily intake was determined by multiplying the residual pesticide concentration (mg/kg) by the food consumption rate (kg/day) and dividing this number by a body weight of 60 kg for an average adult.

Source of Information: Journal of Chemistry, Volume 2015, 1-7.

Article Link (Online Journal): http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/243574

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

A large percentages of the eggplants (50%) and tomatoes (60%) from the Narayanganj district were contaminated with pesticides, and all of the levels were above the MRL proposed by the EC regulation. Diazinon was the most common (35%) pesticide detected in the vegetable samples. The HRI for diazinon was the highest for both eggplant and tomato samples, which may be due to its physiochemical property. Fenitrothion and linuron are the two second most common types of pesticides detected in the vegetable samples. .

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