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Extraction of Bioactive Compound from Some Fruits and Vegetables (pomegranate Peel, Carrot and Tomato)

Tajnuba Sharmin*
Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Neaj Ahmed
Department of Food and Process Engineering, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Abul Hossain
Department of Food & Food Service Industry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

Md. Mojaffor Hosain
Department of Food Processing and Preservation, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Shakti Chandra Mondal
Department of Food Processing and Preservation, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Md. Raihanul Haque
Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Mohammed Almas
Department of Food and Process Engineering, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Md. Abu Bakkar Siddik
Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The effects of different solvents, temperature conditions and solvent-solid ratios on solid-solvent extraction of the total phenolic and flavonoids herein also referred to as antioxidant from pomegranate marc peel (PMP) was studied. Water, methanol, ethanol and acetone extraction efficiencies at extraction times of 5 to 60 min, extraction temperatures of 25 to 95°C, ratios of solvent/solid of 5:1 to 50:1 and particle size of 40 mesh were evaluated. At 40°C, solvent/solid ratio of 15:1, extraction time of 30 min and particle size of 40 mesh, methanol gave the highest content of the total phenolic and flavonoids (18.3, 2.8)%, followed by water (14.1, 2.1)%, ethanol (8.37, 2.55)%, and acetone (7.65,1.8)%, respectively. Beta-carotenes were extracted from carrot under different conditions involving different temperatures, treatment of samples, and solvents (ethanol, methanol). Carrot roots were tested for the extraction yields of carotenes at temperatures 20°C, 40°C, and 60°C, the samples having been examined after harvest, after cold storage (stored at 5°C), and after freezing (–5°C). The best extraction efficiency was achieved with the samples treated by freezing and using the extraction 60°C for 2–4 hours. Extraction of lycopene from tomato under different conditions involving different time and solvents. Under the best conditions, ternary mixture gave the highest lycopene content (12.3 mg/100g), followed by hexane (9.4mg/100g), petroleum benzene (8.7mg/100g). At 20°C, the yield of carotenes from the fresh after-harvest sample was slightly affected by the time and temperature. After 5 h of extraction, the fresh sample showed 1.58 mg/100 g of carotene yield, the velocity of extraction being very slow. With the extraction at 40°C, the yield of carotenes (2.45 mg/100 g) was higher compared to that at 20°C while the highest extraction yield was found at 60°C. At 60°C, the extraction maximum was found in the second hour of extraction (4.28 mg/100 g). After this time, the extraction yield of β-carotene decreased. Compared to the third and fourth hours, the extraction was almost the same as the result of the degradation and loss of carotenes.

Keywords: Pomegranate peel, Carrot, Tomato, Treatments, Total phenol, Flavonoids

Location:

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Resource Development and Management

Commodity: Fruit, Vegetables

Objectives:

To extract total phenolic content, flavonoid Content, evaluate antioxidant activities, β-carotene and lycopene from pomegranate peels (Punica granatum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), and carrot (Daucus carota) respectively.
To study the influence of temperature, samples treatment, and solvents on the extraction yield of bioactive compound.
To develop a simple and rapid method for extraction of bioactive compounds.

Methodology:

Extraction of Phenolic Compound from Pomegranate Waste. Materials: Pomegranate peel were collected from local market and kept at -5°C until used. Prior to experiments, the samples were thawed at 4°C followed by hot air oven drying at 40°C to a moisture content of about 8% (dry basis). The moisture content was determined by using oven drying at 105°C until constant weight was achieved. The dried peel was ground in mortar and pestle. Effect of Solvents: The extraction yield of antioxidant compounds from plant materials is influenced mainly by the conditions under which the process of liquid-solid extraction is carried out to separate a soluble fraction from a permeable solid. In this study, four solvents with different polarities were used to identify the most suitable one for the recovery of antioxidant components from pomegranate peel. The polarity of a solvent besides the dipole moment, polarizability and hydrogen bonding determines what type of compounds it is able to dissolve. The solvents which were used in this experiment are: (a) deionized (DI) water (polar solvent with a dielectric constant of 80); (b) ethanol (polar with a dielectric constant of 24); (c) methanol (polar with a dielectric constant of 33) and (d) acetone (polar with a dielectric constant of 21). All used chemicals were of analytical grade. For each solvent, dried and ground peel was extracted in a thermostatic water bath shaker with a 15:1 (w/w) ratio solvent/sample (dry weight) at 40°C for 30 min in a conical flask. The liquid extract was separated from solids by vacuum enhanced filtration through Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The filtrates were air dried in hood at room temperature and residual moisture removed in a vacuum oven at 50±2°C. The dried extracts were weighted to analyze the total extract yield, the contents and yield of antioxidant compounds including total phenolic and flavonoids. Extraction of Beta-Carotene from Carrot. Materials: A good variety of carrot (Daucus carota L.) used for the extraction of beta-carotene. The roots of carrots were analyzed after harvest, after storage in cold room (4–5°C), and after freezing (–5°C) for one month. The content of carrot moisture was determined gravimetrically- moisture analysis of the samples (10 g) was performed in hot air oven at 105°C. The content of carrot moisture was determined gravimetrically according to the method given in Slovak Technical Standard 56 0053. Methods: The most popular methods for carotenes extraction are those using organic solvents. Most of them are toxic and expensive. Extraction Conditions: Roots were cut into small pieces with the help of sharp knife. The extraction yield of carotenes was observed at different temperatures (20°C, 40°C, and 60°C) using ethanol and methanol. Initially, 25 g of cut carrot samples were added to 100 g of ethanol. Carrot slices were extracted in water bath (20°C 40°C, 60°C), shaken after every 10 min, and after every hour of extraction 5 ml sample was taken and mixed with petroleum ether (20 ml). Extraction of Lycopene from Tomato. Materials: Winter variety of fresh ripe tomatoes were purchased from a local market and stored at 4°C for a maximum of 2 days before use. This particular variety is not generally marketed for direct consumption, but is used primarily in the production of this lycopene extract. Then the tomato paste was extracted with hexane, petroleum benzene and ethanol. The final product was obtained after solvent removal by evaporation under rotary evaporator at 40- 60°C. Statistical Analysis: These experiments carried out in triplicate of each sample. The results were statistically analyzed (SPSS for windows version 17.0) and expressed as mean ± standard deviation. One–way analysis of variance was performed using ANOVA procedures. Mean comparisons were performed using Duncan’s multiple range tests for significant effect at P < 0.05.

Source of Information: American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 1, 8-19, Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajfn/4/1/2 © Science and Education Publishing, DOI:10.12691/ajfn-4-1-2

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Achievement/Findings:

The research showed that the pomegranate peel, carrot and tomato are a potential resource for phenolic, beta carotene and lycopene. The pomegranate peel extracted with methanol gave the highest total extract yield, followed by water, ethanol and acetone. Comparing methanol with water as the solvent in pomegranate antioxidant extraction, the total extract yield were 42.33% and 44.66%, the yield of total phenolic were 6.1% and 9.1%, the content of phenolic were 14.1% and 18.3%. β-carotene extraction from carrot under different experimental conditions was performed. Ethanol is a more suitable solvent in terms of the carotenes yield as compared to methanol. The extraction yield increases with the increase of the solvent/solid ratio and with temperature up to 60°C. A positive effect was also shown by freezing or cold storage of carrot, the time (approximately 2–4 h) needed for the extraction depending on the treatment of the sample and temperature used. Besides carotenoids concentrate, another interesting by-product gained is dietary fiber, with excellent water binding capacity, which can be therefore used for functional foods production. Ternary mixture is a more suitable solvent in terms of the lycopene yield as compared to hexane and petroleum benzene. Overall, the above points strongly support the possibility of using different solvents to obtain phenolic compound, beta carotene and lycopene from the pomegranate peel, carrot and tomato.

Knowledge Management: Journal