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Investigation of Cytotoxicity and Antifungal Activities of Petroleum Ether and Aqueous Extracts of Leaves and Stems of Kalanchoe Pinnata L. (crassulaceae)

Anusua Chowdhury
Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University, Bangladesh.

Subrata Kumar Biswas
Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University, BGC, Biddyanagar, Chandanaish, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Joysree Das
Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University, Bangladesh.

Utpal Kumar Karmakar
Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh.

Manik Chandra Shill
IPD Pharmacy, Square Hospitals Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Nayan Dutta
Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Kalanchoe pinnata L. (Crassulaceae) has traditionally been used in Bangladesh as medicinal plant for the treatment and prevention of different diseases. In the present study the petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of the leaves and stems of the plant were used to investigate the cytotoxicity and antifungal activities using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and agar disc diffusion method, respectively. Phytochemical screening was also carried out according to the standard procedures. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC₅₀ (μg mL^-1) and LC₉₀ (μg mL^-1) of the petroleum ether extract of Kalanchoe pinnata L. were 25.12 μg mL^-1 and 177.83 μg mL^-1, respectively. The aqueous extract of the medicinal plant also showed lethality against the brine shrimp nauplii (LC₅₀: 25.12 μg mL^-1 and LC₉₀: 173.78 μg mL^-1). Moreover, the petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata L. were investigated for their antifungal activity against six fungal strains and the results (diameter of zone of inhibition) were compared with the activity of the commercially available standard drug, Griseofulvin (30 μg disc^-1). The petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata L. (80 μg disc^-1) showed moderate activity against all tested fungal strains with zones of inhibition ranging from 1.50±0.00 mm to 2.67±0.24 mm and 1.67±0.24 mm to 2.83±0.24 mm, respectively. The study also revealed that the fungal strains, Microsporum spp. (zone of inhibition: 2.67±0.24 mm) and Candida albicans (zone of inhibition: 2.83±0.24 mm) were more susceptible to the petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of the medicinal plant, respectively. Results of different qualitative phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloid, glycoside, gums, saponins, reducing sugar and tannins in the petroleum ether crude extract of Kalanchoe pinnata L. while alkaloid, glycoside, steroid, saponins, tannins were present in the aqueous extract of the plant. These findings indicated that the petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of the plant possessed cytotoxic and antifungal activities.

Keywords: Kalanchoe pinnata, Biossay, Griseofulvin, Brine shrimp, Zone of inhibition

Location: Chittagong of Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-00-2011

End Date: 00-00-2011

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Medicinal Plants

Objectives:

To investigate cytotoxicity and antifungal activity of petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of the leaves and stems of Kalanchoe pinnata L.

Methodology:

The leaves and stems of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) were collected from Pahartolly in Chittagong of Bangladesh in the month of January 2011 at day time. Fresh plant material were washed under running tap water, air dried and then homogenized to fine powder and stored in airtight bottles. About 100 g of powdered materials was taken in a clean, flat bottomed plastic container and soaked in 300 mL of petroleum ether. The container with its contents was sealed and kept for a period of 21 days accompanied by continuous shaking with the shaker. The whole mixture was filtered, collected and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness to give the crude dried extract of petroleum ether. The same procedure was applied to prepare aqueous extract of this medicinal plant using distilled water as a solvent. The petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of the leaves and stems of Kalanchoe pinnata L. (Crassulaceae) were subjected to preliminary screening as standard procedure to identify the presence of various phytoconstituents i.e., alkaloid, glycoside, steroid, gum, flavonoid, saponin, reducing sugar and saponin. The test fungal strains investigated include 6 yeasts such as Aspergillus niger, Blastomyces dermatitides, Candida albicans, Pityrosporum ovale, Trichophyton spp. and Microsporum spp. All the fungal strains were obtained from Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chittagong, Bangladesh. The cytotoxic and antifungal activities of the petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of the medicinal plant were investigated by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and agar disc diffusion assay. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was used to perform the antifungal activity. PDA medium was also used for subculture of the test organisms. Three replicates of each sample were used for statistical analysis and the values were reported as Mean±SD (Standard Deviation).

Source of Information: Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 10(4): 274-277, ISSN 1682-3974

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2011.274.277 URL: http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajps.2011.274.277

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

It was concluded that the crude petroleum ether and aqueous extracts possessed both cytotoxic and antifungal activities. The extracts also showed more potent cytotoxic activity than that of the crude ethanolic extract of the plant.

Knowledge Management: Journal