Rizwana Afroz
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E. M. Tanvir
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
Md. Fuad Hossain
Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, 81100 Wellmadama, Matara, Sri Lanka
Siew Hua Gan
Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
Mashud Parvez
Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital & Bangladesh Institute of Children Health (BCIH), Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
Md. Aminul Islam
Department of Biochemistry, International Medical College, Tongi, Gazipur 1712, Bangladesh
Md. Ibrahim Khalil
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
Sundarban, Honey, Acetaminophen-Induced, Acute Hepatonephrotoxicity, Rats
Sundarban, Bangladesh,
Knowledge Management
APAP was provided as a gift from Eskayef Bangladesh Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The assay kits used for the determination of bilirubin, creatinine, urea, ALP, AST, and ALT levels were purchased from Standbio Laboratory, 1261 North Main Street, Boerne, TX 78006, USA. The 1,1,3,3- tetraethoxy propane was purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan. All of the chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade. Multifloral honey samples were collected from the largest mangrove forest of the world, Sundarban, Bangladesh, in February 2013. Adult male Wistar rats (180–210 g) were used in this study. Animals were bred and reared in the animal house facility of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, at a constant room temperature of 23 ± 20 C and in an environment with the humidity ranging between 40% and 70%. The rats were housed in plastic cages with soft wood-chip bedding and received a natural day-night cycle. The rats were provided with a standard laboratory pellet diet and water adlibitum. The experiments were conducted according to the ethical guidelines approved by the Bangladesh Association for Laboratory Animal Science. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (with 6 rats in each group). An APAP suspension was prepared with gum tragacanth (0.5%) in normal saline. Group 1, the “control” group, received normal saline for 4 weeks followed by a single dose of 0.5% gum tragacanth. Group 2, the “control + honey” group, received 5 g/kg honey for 4 weeks followed by a single dose of 0.5% gum tragacanth. Group 3, the “honey + APAP” group, received 5 g/kg honey for 4 weeks followed by a single dose of APAP (2 g/kg prepared with 0.5% gum tragacanth). Group 4, the “APAP” group, received normal saline for 4 weeks followed by a single dose of APAP (2 g/kg) suspended with 0.5% gum tragacanth. All rats were fasted for 18 hours before APAP administration. The choice of APAP doses was based on that established in previous studies. The pretreatment period and dose of honey were also selected based on the results of a recent study. Liver and kidney samples were preserved in 10% formalin for histopathological examination. Standard assay kits were used to determine the levels of total bilirubin, urea, creatinine and activities of ALP, ALT, and AST in serum samples by using a PD-303S Spectrophotometer (APEL, Japan). The serum total protein level was determined according to the method established by Lowry et al.. MDA levels were investigated for products of LPO in the liver and kidney tissues. MDA, which is referred to as thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substance, was measured with TBA at 532 nm according to the method described by Ohkawa et al.. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were expressed as nmol of MDA per mg of protein. Histopathological examination was conducted on both liver and kidney tissues. Liver and kidney samples were fixed in 10% neutral formalin and were paraffin-embedded. All sections of the liver and kidney samples were examined for characteristic histological changes. The results are presented as mean values ± standard deviation (SD). Data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Science, version 20.0, IBM Corporation, New York, USA) and Microsoft Excel 2007 (Redmond, Washington, USA). Statistical analyses of biochemical data were conducted by using Tukey’s test. . A P value of <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2014, Article ID 143782, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/143782
Journal