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Phytoaccumulation of Arsenic from Arsenic Contaminated Soils by Eichhornia Crassipes L., Echinochloa Crusgalli L. and Monochoria Hastata L. in Bangladesh

Md. Shariful Islam
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.

Md. Wahid-Uz-Zaman
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Md. Mokhlesur Rahman
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Arsenic (As) phytoaccumulation study was conducted with three plant species namely Eichhornia crassipes L. (water hyacinth), Echinochloa crusgalli L. (barnyard grass) and Monochoria hastata L. (water taro) in crop land soils contaminated by naturally and artificially from sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂). Phytoaccumulation of As increased significantly with increasing soil As levels. In artificially As contaminated soils, highest As concentration was recorded in water hyacinth (67.9 and 46.83 mg kg^-1 root and shoot, respectively) followed by water taro and barnyard grass at 100 mg As kg^-1 treated soil. For naturally As contaminated soils, the highest accumulation of As in barnyard grass (56.93 and 26.50 mg kg^-1 root and shoot, respectively) followed by water taro and water hyacinth in Paranpur soils (116 mg As kg^-1 soil). The enrichment factor of arsenic in both artificially and naturally arsenic contaminated soils, root and shoot parts of these plant species were found to be in the sequence of soil root shoot. In most cases, arsenic translocation factor of soil to root and root to shoot is 0.5 to 1.0 indicated that main application of these plants is for arsenic phytoaccumulation from soil. Highest bio-concentration factor (2300) values were found in barnyard grass root than water taro (2184.55) and water hyacinth (1336.36) and this values always 10 times higher (293-2300) in the plant parts grown in the contaminated site compare to uncontaminated site. Current study revealed that, these plant species can be used as arsenic accumulator in arsenic contaminated soils.

Keywords: Arsenic, Contamination, Bio-concentration Factor, Phytoaccumulation, Soil.

Location: Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Arsenic

Objectives:

To study remediation of As contaminated crop land surface soils with three plant species namely Eichhornia crassipes L. (water hyacinth), Echinochloa crusgalli L. (barnyard grass) and Monochoria hastata L. (water taro) in crop land soils contaminated by naturally and artificially from sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂). These plant species can be used for the phytoaccumulation of As and clean up the soil environment in a eco-friend way.

Methodology:

Soils were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh (Latitude: 24.75° N, Longitude: 90.4° E, Altitude: 17 m), campus at 0-15 cm depth for artificial As contamination. Naturally As contaminated soil was collected from the three As contaminated sites (Paranpur, Kamorpur and Dholdi) of Faridpur Sadar Upazilla under Faridpur district (Latitude: 23.6° N, Longitude: 89.83° E, Altitude: 11 m), Bangladesh, which was known as severely As contaminated area. Exactly 5.0 kg soil was taken in a series of plastic pots. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. For artificial As contamination of soil, there were four treatments of As viz., 30, 50, 70 and 100 mg As kg^-1(ppm) soil from sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂) with control soil and three replications in both for artificially and naturally As contaminated soils were done. Initially required amount of As dissolved in de-ionized water and mixed properly with soil then 20 mg N from urea and P from triple super phosphate were also added per kg soil before planting. Plant seedlings were collected from Agronomy field of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Three plants were grown on each pot. The plants were irrigated daily with arsenic free tap water. Plants were uprooted at 45 days after transplanting. Plant height was measured from the ground level to the top of the plants and number of leaves for each plant was recorded at full maturity. Then about 2-3 g air dried plant samples were oven dried at 65ºC temperature for 48 hrs. The oven dried samples were cooled and weighed (by digital balance) separately for root and shoot. This procedure was repeated until constant weight was obtained. Exactly 0.5 g (oven dry basis) for plant and soil samples was taken into a digestion tube. Five mL of 65% HNO₃ (analytical reagent grade) were added and samples were kept under fume hood for 12 hrs. Then the samples heated on a digestion chamber at 95ºC temperature for 2 hrs. After cooling to room temperature, 3 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide were added to the digests and the samples were heated again at 120ºC for 20 min and then diluted to 10 mL using de-ionized water and filtered with the help of Whatman No. 42 filter paper and stored in 15 mL plastic bottles. Arsenic contents in the plant and soil was determined with a hydride generator Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The data were statistically analyzed. For each pot, the mean values, standard deviations (SD) and confidence ranges were calculated at the 0.05 probability level as per Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Significance of differences between the means was checked by least significant difference (LSD) test. Statistical analysis was performed by MSTATC program.

Source of Information: International Journal of Environmental Protection April. 2013, Vol. 3 Iss. 4, PP. 17-27

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Funding Source:

Budget:

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Achievement/Findings:

Water hyacinth, barnyard grass and water taro were efficient for phytoaccumulation of As in contaminated soils. These plants showed good growth parameter like height, leaves and biomass production upto 25-30 ppm As concentration in soil and then gradually decreased. The highest recovery was recorded in water hyacinth due to higher biomass production. The weather of Bangladesh is very suitable to grow these plants spontaneously in moist and submersed soil condition, so this plant might be considered for cleaning up As contaminated surface soils in Bangladesh. From the enrichment factor, translocation factor and bio-concentration factor, it can be concluded that accumulation of As in roots was always higher than the shoots, and we can easily uproot the plant during moist or submersed soil condition. So all of these are suitable for As phytoaccumulation in crop land soil and have the great potentiality for future applications as an As accumulator in the As contaminated area.

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