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Effect of Mulch and Irrigation on Leaf Water Relation and Pod Yield of Common Bean in Dry Period of Bangladesh

Md. Abiar Rahman
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.

Hisashi Yahata
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Field study was carried out to understand the effects of three mulches (Senna siamea leaf, straw and water hyacinth) and five irrigation regimes (IW (irrigation water)/CPE (cumulative pan evaporation) 1.0, IW/CPE 0.75, IW/CPE 0.50, IW/CPE 0.25 and no irrigation} on leaf water status and pod yield of common bean during the dry season of Bangladesh. IW/CPE 1.0, 0.75, 0.50 received 40 mm irrigation when CPE reached 40, 53 and 80 mm. IW/CPE 0.25 did not receive any irrigation due to lower CPE than 160 mm during the study. Relative water content (RWC), water potential (Ψ_l) and stomatal conductance (g_s) did not vary significantly among the mulches. These parameters, however, varied with the change of irrigation regimes but the variations were not significant up to IW/CPE 0.50 with all mulches. Green pod size and yield did not change remarkably among the mulches. Irrigation played significant role in pod size and yield. Significantly higher yield was recorded in IW/CPE 1.0 with straw and water hyacinth mulches, while under Senna leaf mulch pod yield did not vary much up to IW/CPE 0.75. The better performance of Senna leaf might be due to favorable soil environment. Therefore, common bean for green pod can be grown successfully at IW/CPE 0.75 with Senna leaf mulch during the dry season in central Bangladesh.

Keywords: Mulch, Irrigation, Common bean, Relative water content, Stomatal conductance, Water potential, Green pod yield

Location: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-00-2005

End Date: 00-00-2006

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Bean

Objectives:

To investigate the effects of different mulches and irrigation regimes on leaf relative water content, stomatal conductance, water potential and pod yield of common bean during the dry period.

Methodology:

Field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) (24°09^/N, 90°26^/E, 8.5 m above the sea level), Gazipur, Bangladesh during winter season of 2005-2006 in a silty clay loam soil. The top layer (0 to 15 cm) of the soil contained 1.48 g cm^-3 average bulk density, 0.86% organic carbon, 0.070% total N and 12.6 meq 100 g soil^-1 CEC. The air temperature varied from 9.2 to 31.4°C during the experimentation. The mean annual rainfall at the study area was about 2200 mm but no rainfall was recorded during the study period. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications where three mulches (Senna leaf, rice straw and water hyacinth) were assigned in the main plot and five irrigation regimes (IW/CPE 1.0 = 40 mm, IW/CPE 0.75 = 40 mm/0.75, IW/CPE 0.50 = 40 mm/0.50, IW/CPE 0.25 = 40 mm/0.25 and IW/CPE 0 = no irrigation) were in the sub-plot. Fixed amount of irrigation (IW) of 40 mm was applied at four levels of depletion of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE), i.e., IW/CPE 1.0, IW/CPE 0.75, IW/CPE 0.50 and IW/CPE 0.25. The respective plot received water after 40, 53, 80 and 160 mm CPE. Thus, the frequency of irrigation varied depending on CPE and rainfall. IW/CPE 1.0, IW/CPE 0.75 and IW/CPE 0.50 plot had received 3, 2 and 1 irrigation, respectively, while IW/CPE 0.25 treatment did not receive any irrigation because during the experiment total a 121.6 mm CPE was recorded. Land preparation was done by tractor driven disc plough and laddering until a good tilth was achieved. Drains were made around each plot and excavated soil was used for raising the plots about 10 cm high from the field level. Seeds of common bean (var. BARI Jhar Seem-1) were sown on 6 December 2005 maintaining 30 x 15 cm spacing. Unit plot size was 3 x 3 m and each plot was separated by 1 m distance from each other. After emergence, the seedlings were thinned leaving a single vigorous seedling. Decomposed cow dung, N, P₂O₅ and K₂O at the rate of 10000, 55, 100 and 36 kg ha^-1, respectively, were applied in all plots. All cow dung, P, K and half N were applied as basal dose, while the rest of the N was applied into two installments at 15 and 40 days after sowing. After seed sowing, common irrigation of 40 mm was applied to all the plots to ensure better germination and seedling establishment. Senna leaf and water hyacinth were sun dried for about 5 days on a threshing floor and sun dried rice straw was collected from the BSMRAU farm. All mulches were applied at the rate of 10 t ha^-1 one week after seedling emergence. Leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (g_s) and water potential (Ψ_l) of common bean were measured at pod forming stage (49 DAE). All measurements were done at mid day from the youngest fully expanded leaves. RWC of the uppermost fully expanded leaflets was measured following Lopez et al. (2002). The leaflets were detached and weighed (fresh weight, FW), floated on water for 2 h (assuming that complete hydration of leaflets occurred within 2 h) to allow turgidity to be regained and then re-weighted (turgid weight, TW) and dried overnight at 80°C to determine the dry weight (DW). Ten plants from each plot were selected to harvest green pod on 12-16 days after anthesis and harvesting was done four times during the crop season. Green pod yield of each plot was then converted to t ha^-1. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the IRRISTAT computer program to compare the effects of mulches and irrigation regimes. The difference between means was compared by LSD at 5% level of significance.

Source of Information: International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(10): 862-869, 2007, ISSN 1816-4897.

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: 10.3923/ijar.2007.862.869; URL: http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijar.2007.862.869

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The results showed that leaf water status of common bean was higher up to IW/CPE 0.5 after that declined sharply. Among the mulch relatively better water status was observed in Senna leaf compared to other mulches. Pod size of common bean did not vary significantly up to IW/CPE 0.75 under straw and water hyacinth mulches, while green pod yield was reduced significantly with the change of irrigation regime. On the other hand, under Senna leaf mulch leaf water status was insignificant up to IW/CPE 0.50 and yield did not vary up to IW/CPE 0.75. Common bean for green pod, however, can be grown without significant yield reduction by applying irrigation when 53 mm CPE occurs if Senna leaf is used as mulch during the dry period of Bangladesh.

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