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Bacterial Hazards Especially Pathogenic to Human in Consumable Marine Fishes of Noakhali Sadar, Bangladesh

Priyanka Rani Majumdar
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh

Bhakta Supratim Sarker
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh

Swapan Chandra Dey
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh

Debasish Saha
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh

Ripon Kumar Adhikary
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh

Shuvagato Mondal
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present study was conducted for microbiological assessment of ten available marine fish species of three different feeding habits collected from three different markets of Noakhali district from July, 2012 to April, 2013. For this, Total Bacterial Counts (TBC), Total Coliform (TC), Fecal Coliform (FC) and the occurrence of Salmonella and Vibrio spp., were determined by using serial dilution and spread plate technique. Among three feeding habits, the highest TBC (2.67±1.69x10⁸ CFU g^-1), Vibrio (2.37±1.83x10³ CFU g^-1) and Salmonella spp., (2.19±1.26x10³ CFU g^-1) were found in carnivorous and the highest TC (4.74±0.16x10⁶ CFU g^-1) and FC (2.03±0.72x10⁵ CFU g^-1) in omnivorous fishes. Among 10 marine species, Spotted Croacker, Greenback mullet, Asian Seabass contain the highest TBC (5.09±3.73x10⁸ CFU g^-1) and TC (4.18±4.01x10⁶ CFU g^-1); FC (2.54±1.95x10⁵ CFU g^-1) and Vibrio spp., (1.39±2.09x10⁴ CFU g^-1); Salmonella spp., (3.5±2.36x10³ CFU g^-1), respectively. TBC (2.99±2.76x10⁸ CFU g^-1), TC (1.79±0.25x10⁶ CFU g^-1), FC (2.23±1.45x10⁵ CFU g^-1), Vibrio (9.16±1.36x10³ CFU g^-1) and Salmonella spp., (2.55±2.01x10³ CFU g^-1) were the highest in gill and the lowest in skin. Among fishes of three different markets, the highest TBC (2.16±0.96x10⁸ CFU g^-1), FC (1.73±1.08x10⁵ CFU g^-1) and Salmonella spp., (2.72±0.86x10³ CFU g^-1) were found in the fishes of Dutter hat and the highest TC (1.13±0.45x10⁶ CFU g^-1) and Vibrio spp., (4.38±1.02x10³ CFU g^-1) in the fishes of Sonapur market. Bacterial densities of these fishes were higher than the acceptable limits. Findings of the present study suggest that marine fishes may act as reservoirs of harmful pathogenic species which creates many dangerous diseases such as cholera, typhoid etc. and the consumers should be careful about the qualities of fishes.

Keywords: Marine fish, Feeding habits, Patogenic species, Bacterial load, Organs of fish

Location: Noakhali Sadar, Noakhali district

Start Date: 00-07-2012

End Date: 00-04-2013

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Marine fish

Objectives:

To estimate the microbial load in different organs of fishes of different feeding habits and to find out the occurrence of bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio, Salmonella spp., in the available consumable marine fishes of three markets of Noakhali district that would thus provide knowledge on the survival and multiplication of harmful bacteria via different marine fishes.

Methodology:

Experimental fish: Ten different marine fishes of three feeding habits (carnivores, omnivores and detrivores) were examined with three replicates each.

Study area and collection of samples: The study area of this research was Noakhali Sadar in Noakhali district of Bangladesh. The fish samples were collected from different sellers of three different markets (Maijdi Municipal market, Dutter Hat and Sonapur Bazar) of Noakhali Sadar during the early morning hours of the day (between 8:00 and 9:00 am local time) from July, 2012 to April, 2013. The fish samples were transported to the laboratory by collecting in sterilized plastic bag put into icebox and processed within 2 h of collection aseptically. All the used glass wares such as conical flasks, beakers, measuring cylinder, test tubes were washed, dried and sterilized in autoclave (40B series, LDZX) at a temperature of 121°C for 15 min at 15 lb/inch² pressure.

Processing of samples: At first the samples were washed with sterile Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) to remove sand, detritus as well as microorganisms attached to the surface of fish. Then the skin, gill and gut samples from each samples were collected aseptically and homogenized separately with PBS solution using Vortex machine (Digisystem Laboratory Instruments INC., Model VM-1000). Each of the five tubes were filled with nine milliliters of PBS solution aseptically and 1 g of homogenized tissue of each sample was mixed with 9 mL PBS solution of first tube to prepare 10^-1 dilution. The 1 mL was taken from the first tube and mixed to the second test tube to prepare 10^-2 dilutions. The 10^-3 to 10^-5 dilutions were prepared by this subsequent serial dilution technique.

Inoculation of plates for enumeration of bacterial load: The l00 μL from diluted solution of each sample were transferred to culture media containing petri-dish and inoculated using spread plate method for bacteriological analysis. For enumeration of total bacteria in sample fishes, nutrient agar media was used and after inoculating incubated at 37°C for 18-24 h in the incubator. For the enumeration of total and fecal coliform, Membrane Fecal Coliform (mFC) agar media was used and after inoculating petri-dishes were incubated at 37°C for 18-24 h in the case of total coliform and in the case of fecal coliform at 44-44.5°C for overnight. Vibrio spp., colonies were counted on TCBS plate and after 18-24 h of incubation, slightly flattened, yellow with opaque centers colonies were considered as Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., were counted on SS plate after 18-24 h of incubation and colorless, transparent, with a black center colonies were considered as Salmonella.

Bacterial density data were transformed into natural log before statistical analysis. The means of bacterial load were compared using ANOVA. Statistical software SPSS version 10.0 was used to analyze the data with the level of significance at p<0.05.

Source of Information: American Journal of Food Technology, 9: 257-265, 2014;

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2014.257.265; URL: http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajft.2014.257.265

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Food borne pathogens are a growing concern for human illness and death. According to the guideline of ICMSF, acceptable limit of total bacterial counts for giant prawns and white fish are 10⁶ and 5×10⁵ CFU g^-1, respectively. Total coliform, fecal coliform and Vibrio cholerae counts are 10², 10 and 0 CFU g^-1, respectively, for both the types of fish. Therefore, the bacterial loads (total bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform and Vibrio) found in this study for different fishes were beyond the standard value suggested by ICMSF which indicate their unacceptability as food from public health point of view. The presence of high loads of coliform and fecal coliform in the fish samples collected from fish markets may be due to the heavy load of sewage disposal into the waterbody which could act as a suitable culture medium for these pathogens to survive and grow. This untreated and the improper way of sewage disposal system is one of the main sources for microbial water contamination which results in the accumulation of these bacterial pathogenic species in the commercial edible fishes. Moreover, these fishes act as reservoirs of human pathogens which are a serious threat to the fish consuming community. Unhygienic fish handling practices of these infected fishes such as chances of cross contamination via kitchen utensils or by handling and inadequate cooking may further contribute to the spread of these pathogens. Hence, we are in urgent need to implement programmes such as HACCP as a part of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOP) to monitor the quality of the fishes. So, care should be taken for potentially pathogenic bacteria in marine fishes collected from different markets of Noakhali sadar with regards to the public health.

Knowledge Management: Journal