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Effect of Polluted River Water on Growth, Yield and Heavy Metal Accumulation of Red Amaranth

KM Mohiuddin
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh - 2202, Bangladesh.

Md Mehediul Alam
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh - 2202, Bangladesh.

Md Shahinur Rahman
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh - 2202, Bangladesh.

Md Shafiqul Islam
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh - 2202, Bangladesh.

Istiaq Ahmed
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh - 2202, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present study was carried out to assess the levels of different heavy metals like chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) on red amaranth vegetable irrigated with polluted river water. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer was used for analyzing the heavy metals in the samples. The results indicated a substantial build-up of heavy metals accumulation in red amaranth irrigated with polluted river water. The ranges of various metals in red amaranth samples irrigated with polluted river water were 0.45–0.93, 0.147–0.175, 42.33–479.73, 1.31–12.04, 3.71–35.11 and 10.9–142.9 μg g^-1 for Cr, Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively. Cadmium concentration was below the detection limit (0.01 μg g^-1) of the method used in the analysis. However, the regular monitoring of levels of these metals from effluents and sewage, in vegetables and in other food materials is essential to prevent excessive build-up of these metals in the food chain. In general, our results indicated that using polluted river water had no significant variation in growth and yield of red amaranth from the crops irrigated with fresh water.

Keywords: Heavy metal, Vegetable, River water, Irrigation

Location: Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Mymensingh - 2202.

Start Date: 24-02-2014

End Date: 14-04-2014

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Heavy metal, Amaranth

Objectives:

To observe the concentration of accumulated metals and also effects of irrigation with polluted river water on the growth, yield and quality of winter vegetable such as Red amaranth ( Amaranthus tricolor L. ) .

Methodology:

About 16 river water samples were collected from 16 different sites around the Dhaka city following the method as described by APHA. About 20 L water samples from each location were collected in plastic container for irritation. About 100 mL of water samples from each location were collected separately for chemical analysis, in which 0.5 mL conc. nitric acid were added to avoid any microbial growth. The chemical analyses of water were done as quickly as possible on arrival at the Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Mymensingh - 2202.Red amaranth ( Amaranthus tricolor L. ) was used as test crop to determine the effects of chemical constituents of river water on the growth, yield and quality of a winter vegetable. The seeds of Red amaranth were collected from the Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC), Mymensingh before 5 days of planting. The fresh soils were thoroughly mixed and air dried separately in a clean room to avoid contamination and ground to pass through 2 mm sieve. 10 kg of soil was taken into each of the plastic pot labeled earlier. Individual pot size was 30 cm diameter at the top and 20 cm diameter at the bottom with 25 cm depth. The top surface area of each pot was 0.07071 m² . All the pots were filled with processed soil leaving 5 cm from the top. The seeds were sown by hand into the pot at 24 February, 2014 keeping uniform distance as far as possible and then the seeds were covered by soils. The seeds were germinated uniformly after 6 to 8 days of sowing. The seedlings were irrigated with the water samples collected from 16 different sampling sites around the Dhaka city. Irrigation with distilled water was considered as control treatment. The experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Plant height (cm), shoot length (cm), root length (cm), no. of leaves plant^-1, total no. of plant pot^-1, fresh and dry weight of plant were recorded and their mean values were calculated from the sample plants after harvesting. The plant was harvested after 50 days of sowing on 14 April, 2014. All the collected vegetable samples were thoroughly washed with double distilled water to get rid of air born pollutants. All the samples were then oven - dried in a hot air oven at 70 – 80 ºC for 24 h, to remove all moisture. Dried samples were powdered using a pestle and mortar and sieved. All reagents were of analytical reagent grade, 69 – 72% HN₃, 30% H₂O₂, and 70% HClO₄ were used for digestion of samples. Double deionized water was used for all dilutions. During the experiments, all glasswares and equipment were carefully cleaned starting with 2% HNO₃ and ending with repeated rinsing distilled deionized water to prevent contamination. Samples (0.6 g) were digested with 10 mL of HNO₃, 2 mL of H₂O₂, and 4 mL of HClO₄ in block digester system maintained temperature 180 - 200ºC until white fumes are evolved and finally diluted to 50 mL with 2% nitric acid. All sample solutions were clear. A blank digest was carried out in the same way. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis by using the software package SPSS 12 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, I L, USA). The statistical tests performed were analysis of variance (ANOVA; P = 0.05) and Duncan’s multiple - range test (P = 0.05).

Source of Information: Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(1): 53-65, April 2016, ISSN: 2409-0603

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v3i1.27858

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

It may be concluded that irrigation by untreated river water are the main reasons for accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables around the Dhaka city. In addition, crop parameters were not significantly influenced by river water with the replacement of fresh water. Hence, it is imperative to treat sewage water and industrial effluents before their discharge into water bodies. Awareness should be created among the farmers of the area regarding the serious consequences of using polluted river wa ter for irrigation purpose. Therefore, continuous monitoring of wastewater irrigated crops is needed to control the dangerous accumulation of various toxic metals in plant parts and to prevent the possible health hazards due to the consumption of toxic met al contaminated agricultural products. Further research is needed on the accumulation of heavy metals in different vegetable crops cultivated in different types of soils irrigated with wastewater and their health risk after consumption.

Knowledge Management: Journal