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Genetic Variation and Interrelationships Among Antioxidant, Quality, and Agronomic Traits in Vegetable Amaranth

Umakanta Sarker
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh.

Md. Tofazzal Islam
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh.

Md. Golam Rabbani
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Shinya Oba
Laboratory of Field Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

This investigation was aimed to evaluate 22 promising vegetable amaranth genotypes for antioxidant, leaf quality, and agronomic traits for two test seasons. The experiment was conducted to study the degree of genetic parameters, associations among different traits, and their contribution towards foliage yield. The analysis of variance for twelve traits was found highly significant. High mean, high range of variability, and high genotypic variance were observed for all the traits except content of Ca, protein, and carotenoid. Close differences between genotypic and phenotypic variances and genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were observed for all the traits. High to moderate genotypic coefficients of variation and heritability coupled with high to moderate genetic advance in percent of mean was observed for all the traits. Considering all genetic parameters, selection based on Fe, Zn, Mn, ascorbic acid content, fiber content, plant height, leaves plant^-1, diameter of stem base, and foliage yield would be effective for the improvement of vegetable amaranth. Foliage yield had a significant positive genotypic correlation with three antioxidant traits (ascorbic acid, Fe, and Mn), two leaf quality traits (protein and fiber), and three agronomic traits (plant height, leaves plant^-1, and stem base diameter). Fiber content, leaves plant^-1, plant height, and stem base diameter had high positive direct effects and Fe, Mn, and carotenoid exhibited moderate positive direct effects on foliage yield. Based on genetic interrelationships and path coefficient values, direct selection for antioxidants (Fe and Mn), fiber content, leaves plant^-1, plant height, and stem base diameter would significantly improve the foliage yield of vegetable amaranth. Selection based on protein content concomitantly required considering the Fe and Ca contents of the genotypes.

Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Beta-carotene, Fiber, Genetic advance, Heritability, Protein

Location: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh.

Start Date: 00-00-2011

End Date: 00-00-2012

Program Area: Variety and Species

Commodity: Amaranth

Objectives:

1. To determine the genetic variability and genetic association among different antioxidant, quality, and agronomic traits on yield;

2. To determine the contribution of the component traits towards yield potential

3. To identify appropriate selection parameters for the improvement of vegetable amaranth for utilization in future breeding programs.

Methodology:

Germplasm accessions of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) collected from different ecogeographical regions of Bangladesh were used in this investigation. Twenty-two distinct and promising genotypes of vegetable amaranth were grown in 2011 and 2012 consecutively in a randomized block design with three replications at the experimental field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Weeding and hoeing was done at 7-day intervals. Day temperature during the experimental period ranged from 25 to 38°C. Irrigation was provided at intervals of 5–7 days. For foliage yield plants were cut at the base of the stem (base of ground level). The plot size for each treatment was 2m² for foliage yield and 1m² for antioxidant, quality, and agronomic traits. Spacing was maintained with row-to-row and plant-to-plant distances of 20 cm and 5 cm, respectively. Recommended fertilizer and compost doses and appropriate cultural practices were maintained. Data were collected at 30 days after sowing of the seeds for both years. Data were recorded from 10 randomly selected plants from each replication for plant height (cm), leaves plant^-1, and stem base diameter (cm). Foliage yields were harvested on a whole-plot basis. Beside this, five antioxidant traits, beta-carotene (mg g^-1), ascorbic acid (mg 100 g^-1), iron (mg kg^-1), zinc (mg kg^-1), and Mn (mg kg^-1), and three leaf quality traits, protein (mg 100 g^-1), fiber (%), and Ca (g 100 g^-1), were estimated. The extraction and estimation of carotenoid was done. To carry out the extraction process, 500 mg of fresh leaf sample was ground in 10 mL of 80% acetone and centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 3–4 min. The supernatant was taken and the volume was made up to 20 mL in a volumetric flask. The absorbance values were taken at 510 nm and 480 nm. Dried leaf samples of 500 mg were extracted by boiling for 30 min in 50 mL of 5% H₂SO₄ and 75 mL of distilled water. The sample was filtered through linen cloth after 1 h with the addition of some cold distilled water and residue was washed twice with distilled water. In the residue, 50 mL of 5% KOH was added and the volume was made up to the original volume. Furthermore, the solution was boiled for 30 min, allowed to stand for some time after adding a little cold distilled water, and filtered through linen cloth. The residue was again washed with hot distilled water followed by a mixture of dilute HCl (HCl:H₂O at a ratio of 1:2) and 5 mL of ethyl alcohol. The residue was finally dried in a crucible at 80–100°C, and dried weight was measured and represented as a percentage of initial material taken. Ascorbic acid was analyzed. The raw data were compiled by taking the means of all the plants taken for each treatment and replication for different traits. The mean data of both years were averaged and the average mean values were statistically and biometrically analyzed. Analysis of variance was done according to Panse and Sukhatme (1978) for each character. Genotypic and phenotypic variances, phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability in the broad sense (h²b ), and expected genetic advance (GA %) were estimated. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were analyzed following the formula of Hayes et al. (1955). Path coefficient analysis was calculated according to the formula.

Source of Information: Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, August 2016

Article Link (Online Journal): http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/; doi:10.3906/tar-1405-83

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The investigated germ plasms exhibited huge variability in respect of genetic parameters, genetic interrelationships, and path coefficient values. Breeders can use this variability in future breeding programs to develop high yield, high quality, and antioxidant-rich vegetable amaranth varieties. Direct selection on the basis of 2 antioxidant traits (Fe and Mn), 1 quality trait fiber content, and 3 agronomic traits (leaves plant^-1, plant height, and stem base diameter) would significantly improve the foliage yield of vegetable amaranth.

Knowledge Management: Journal