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Rice Yield Potential Under Unfavorable Soil Ecosystems in Bangladesh

Jatish Chandra Biswas
CSO
Soil Science Division, BRRI, Gazipur

Md Mozammel Haque
Senior Scientific Officer
Soil Science Division, BRRI, Gazipur

P. K. Saha
CSO
Soil Science Division, BRRI Gazipur-1701

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Unfavorable ecosystems in Bangladesh are under intense pressure of crop production and climate change impact; although the relationships of indigenous soil nutrients ratios with crop performance are yet to be fully explored. Experiments were conducted under submergence and cold prone areas (agricultural ecological zone, AEZ-3), drought and cold prone areas (AEZ-26), non-saline tidal flood ecosystem (AEZ-13), char and saline prone ecosystem (AEZ-18) and haor ecosystem (AEZ-21) for evaluating rice grain yield with native nutrients ratios. Synergistic and antagonistic relationships were observed in different AEZ depending on indigenous nutrient ratios. The Ca:P and N:Zn ratios were playing significant negative role with rice yield in wet season. In dry season, P:K ratio was acting antagonistically in AEZ-18, AEZ-3 and AEZ-26 but K:Mg, Ca:Zn S:Zn P:Zn were playing synergistic role in the same localities. The C:K ratio was playing antagonistic role with dry season irrigated rice yield in AEZ-13 and AEZ-21. Dry season irrigated rice grain yield was 13-27% lower in AEZ-26 than others AEZ because of variations in negative ratios of nutrients. Application of 187-13-75-15-1.1, 174-27-19-840, 162-11-58-11-0, 180-24-14-15-4 and 144-36-5-3-0 kg/ha of N-P-K-S-Zn, respectively for Rangpur, Rajshahi, Barisal, Sonagazi and Habiganj improved dry season rice yield significantly in all AEZ except AEZ-18 compared to indigenous soil fertility. Soil separates showed variable relationships with indigenous nutrient ratios in different AEZ. It is concluded that indigenous soil nutrient ratios play a vital role in improving rice yield under unfavorable ecosystems.

Keywords: Agricultural ecological zone; Native nutrient ratio; Rice yield.

Location: Rangpur, Rajshahi, BNarisal, Feni, Habiganj

Start Date: 00-00-2011

End Date: 00-00-2013

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Rice

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of native soil nutrient concentrations and ratios on rice yield under unfavorable ecosystems in Bangladesh for sustainable use of those ecosystems.

Methodology:

Site Description Char and saline prone ecosystem (AEZ18) About 1.0 million hectares (M ha) land of Bangladesh is affected by varying degrees of salinity. Crop production in this area is dominated by traditional wet season rice (T. Aman rice) and farmers generally harvest 2 t ha^-1 grain yield, which is very low than other parts of the country due to soil salinity problem, drought in dry season, lack of adequate salinity tolerant varieties as well as lack of appropriate fertilizer management technologies. Submergence and cold prone area (AEZ-3) It covers about 2.6 million hectares. The devastating flood caused considerable loss of rice crop. The average yield of rice under flood-prone ecosystem is very low (2.5 t ha-1) due to lack of technologies on flood tolerance rice varieties and their appropriate fertilizer management packages etc. Drought and cold prone area (AEZ-26) It is situated in north-west part of Bangladesh. Drought is very common in this part of the country having 1200-1400 mm mean annual rainfall from June to October. Drought affected area is nearly 2.5 million hectares (Mha) in Kharif and 1.2 Mha in dry season. Rice yield is poor due to lack of sufficient water and nutrition management. Non-saline tidal flood ecosystem (AEZ13) This ecosystem covers about 1.9 Mha and the average yield of rice under non-saline tidal flood ecosystem is not more than 3.0 t ha-1 due to lack of technologies on appropriate fertilizer management packages etc. Haor ecosystem (AEZ-21) A haor is a wetland ecosystem in the north eastern part of Bangladesh. The total area in this ecosystem is 8 Mha square kilometers. Most of this area remains under water for seven months of the year. During dry season most of the water drains out, leaving small shallow lakes or may completely dry out by the end of dry season. This exposes rich alluvial soil, extensively cultivated for rice. Cropping Pattern Based Experiments During project period (2011-13), field experiments were conducted in Boro and T. Aman seasons considering different cropping patterns. The treatments tested were: T1 = N-P-K-S-Zn @ 187-13-75-15-1.1, 174-27-19-840, 162-11-58-11- 0, 180-24-14-15-4 and 144-36-5-3-0 kg/ha respectively for Rangpur, Rajshahi, Barisal, Sonagazi and Habiganj regions in Boro season. Similarly N-P-K-S-Zn added for wet season were 100-7-39-10-1, 62-11-28-9-0 and 97-12-7-10-3 in Rangpur, Rajshahi and Sonagazi, respectively T2 = Absolute control. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Fertilizer Application One-third N and all other inorganic fertilizers were applied at final land preparation. The first top dress (One-third N) was applied at 20 DAT. The rest 1/3rd N was applied at 5-7 days before panicle initiation stage after drainage out of flood water. Necessary intercultural operations were done as and when ever required. Data Collection and Analysis At maturity, the crop was harvested from 5 m² area at the center of each plot. Grain and straw yields were recorded. Grain yield was adjusted to 14% moisture. Nutrient contents (N, P and K) from plant samples of the cropping pattern were determined by standard laboratory procedure. Soil Sample Collection and Analysis A total of 125 composite soil samples (10 samples/spot) were collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) from five AEZs (3, 13, 18, 21 & 26). Soil samples were collected from 25 farmers’ fields at each location. Land type, soil series and land use were recorded. Soil samples were analyzed for texture, pH, EC, OC, total N, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg and K), available P, S and Zn following standard methodology Site Specific Indigenous Soil Nutrient Ratios The native soil nutrient ratios before crop culture varied widely depending on nature of soil ecology and cropping intensity in different localities of Bangladesh . In AEZ-21, the N:P, N:Mg, N:Zn, and Ca:P ratios were the widest compared to other studied locations. The C:N ratios ranged from 9.90:1 to 10.95:1. The P:Zn ratio was the lowest in AEZ-21 and N:P and Ca:P ratios were the lowest in AEZ-3. Statistical Analysis Means for rice yield and soil properties were compared by using Tukey’s HSD method. Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD) was calculated at the 0.05 probability level for making treatment mean comparisons.

Source of Information: Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 1(4): 1-10, 2017; Article no.AJSSPN.35497

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

1. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Nutrient management requires understanding of soil nutrients behavior for optimizing rice yield through fertilizer management. We observed about 27% higher grain yield in AEZ-3 than AEZ- 26 because of variations in C:P, C:K, N:P, N:K, Ca:P, N:Mg, N:Zn, ratios in which Ca, Mg and Zn were playing a pivotal role in rice production in unfavorable ecosystems of Bangladesh. Soil test for fertilizer application needs special attention for judicial use of ecologically fragile soils in Bangladesh.

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