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Soil Respiration from Paddy Field in Relation to Incorporated Cover Crop Biomass Composition

Md Mozammel Haque
SSO
Soil Science Division, BRRI, Gazipur

Jatish C Biswas
CSO
Soil Science Division, BRRI Gazipur-1701

M Akter
Scientific Officer
Soil Science Division, BRRI Gazipur-1701

Pil Joo Kim
Professor
Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Winter cover crops are cultivated during cold fallow season in temperate countries for green manure and animal feed. Literature on incorporated biomass composition in relation to soil respiration like CH₄- C and CO₂-C is not available. Therefore, soil respiration as affected by variable biomass composition was determined from paddy soil. Soil respiration rate (1280-1341 kg ha^-1) was significant when 197 and 204 day-old plants were incorporated. The CH₄–C and CO₂-C respiration rates were significantly correlated with cellulose, lignin, protein, and ash. However, CH₄-C respiration was negatively related with CO₂-C respiration. These implies that biomass composition is influenced by age of cover crops that ultimately dictates paddy soil respiration rates.

Keywords: Rice field, biomass composition, age of biomass, CH4-C, CO2-C.

Location: Gyeongsang National University, South Korea

Start Date: 06-06-2012

End Date: 15-10-2012

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Rice

Objectives:

The present study was, therefore, undertaken to evaluate paddy soil respiration as influenced by age and compositions of incorporated barley and hairy vetch biomass.

Methodology:

Experimental site, cover crop harvesting, and rice cultivation Experiment was conducted at the agricultural farm of Gyeongsang National University (36°50´N and 128°26´E), Jinju, South Korea. The selected soil was silt loam in texture and classified as typic Haplaquents with somewhat impeded drainage. The soil was characterized by pH (1:5 with H2O), 6.2; organic carbon, 11.9 g kg-1; available P, 35 mg kg-1 and bulk density, 1.39 g cm-3. The recommended seeding rate of barley and hairy vetch as winter cover crop was 120 and 90 kg ha−1 for Korean paddy soils (Jeon et al., 2011; Haque et al., 2013). Mixture of barley and hairy vetch seeds were spread in the field on 1st November, 2011. Green manuring crops were harvested on 10, 16, 23 and 30 May, 2012 for incorporation into paddy soil at 3 Mg ha^-1 before rice transplanting. Ages of biomass before incorporation were, 183, 190, 197, and 204 days. After incorporation, soil was flooded immediately and CH₄ and CO₂ gases were measured. Thirty-days-old 3 seedlings hill^-1 of Dongjin cultivar, Japonica type rice were transplanted (15 cm × 30 cm spacing) on 6th June 2012. Recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (N-P-K=110-20-48 kg ha-1) was applied in each plot. The basal fertilizer dose (N-P-K= 55-20- 33.7 kg ha^-1) was applied just before transplanting, while 22 kg N ha^-1 at active tillering stage (2 weeks after rice transplanting) and 33 kg N ha^-1 and 14.3 kg K ha-1 were applied at 6 weeks after rice transplanting. Water level was maintained at 5 to 7 cm depth above the soil surface throughout the experiment. Rice was harvested on 15th October, 2012 and total grain and straw yield was recorded after air drying. Rice growth and yield characteristics were investigated at maturing stage.

Characterization of cover crop: Cover crop biomass was recorded after oven drying at 70°C for 72 h. Total C and N was estimated by CHNS analyzer (Leco, USA). Cellulose content was determined using a colorimetric method with anthrone reagent at 620 nm (Updegraff, 1969) and lignin content was determined using the APPITA P11s-78 method (APPITA, 1978), ash was determined using a muffle furnace at 550°C for 4 h (Yoshida et al., 1976). Percentage of protein content was estimated as (Jones, 1941): 6.25*N%.

Methane and CO₂ gas sampling and analysis: The transparent glass chambers having a surface area of 62 cm ×62 cm × 112 cm were placed permanently in the flooded soil after rice transplanting for monitoring CH4 emission rates. Eight rice plants were enclosed in a chamber. There were four holes at the bottom of the chamber to maintain water level at 5 to 7 cm depth above the soil surface. Independent with a closed chamber for estimating CO₂ emission rates, acrylic column chambers having a diameter of 20 cm and height 20 cm were placed into soil surface

Source of Information: Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 8(6), pp. 122-129, July 2017 ISSN 2141-2391

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: 10.5897/JSSEM2017.0637

Funding Source:

1. Korean Development Agency

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Inorganic and organic compositions of cover crop plants increase with aging, which in turn might increase soil N and C contents following incorporation. Although total soil respiration was low with incorporated young plants having less lignin, cellulose, protein, and ash content, total biomass production was also low compared to aged cover crop. Since the viability of a technology depends of economy and easy handling, addition of 3 t ha^-1 biomass from young plants would require more production area that might not be acceptable to most of the farmers. Therefore, cultivation of cover crop for about 197 days can be a better option for enhancing biomass productivity and control of soil respiration from paddy soil.

Knowledge Management: Journal