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Heavy Metal Determination of Brinjal Cultivated in Soil with Wastes

N Uddin
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

MA Islam
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

MA Baten
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

An experiment was conducted to determine the heavy metal status in fruits and roots of brinjal plant cultivated in soil mixed with wastes at Environmental Science Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agriculture University, Mymensingh. Two brinajl varieties of BARI namely BARI–1 and BARI–4 and three treatments viz. T₀: control soil, T₁: Municipal waste and T₂: Industrial wastes were used for the present study. The data were collected on Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe of both fruits and roots of the brinjal plants. The data were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The two factors experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results revealed that the initial contents of Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe were higher in industrial waste mixed soil as compared to municipal waste and control soil. In contrast, the incidence of heavy metals in fruits and roots were tolerable range in normal and municipal waste mixed soil while industrial waste mixed soil showed highest values. This study also showed that the industrial waste treated plants of BARI–1 uptaked the more Cu and Zn content (16.12 and 21.39 mg/kg, respectively) in roots while plants of BARI–4 gave the more Pb and Fe content (0.363 and 365.70 mg/kg, respectively) in roots compared other interaction treatments. However, without waste treated or normal soil showed lowest effect on the incidence of heavy metal but municipal waste obtained the moderate effect. This result revealed that the both control and municipal waste treated soil may be acceptable for the cultivation of BARI brinjal in Bangladesh condition. This study also suggested that the industrial waste treated soil may not suitable for the vegetable cultivation might be due to the higher incidence of heavy metal in fruits and roots.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Brinjal, Waste incorporated soil

Location: Environmental Science Field Lab. Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

Start Date: 00-11-2015

End Date: 00-03-2016

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Contamination of soil, Brinjal

Objectives:

The study was conducted to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in soil, wastes and brinjal and to compare the concentration of heavy metals accumulation among varieties of brinjal.

Methodology:

The experiment was carried out in the Environmental Science Field Lab. Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period of November 2015 to March 2016 to find out heavy metal determination in brinjal. Details materials used and methodologies followed in conducting the experiment have been presented in this chapter under the following headlines: Experiment site: Geographically the experimental area is situated at 24.75⁰N latitude and 90.5⁰E longitude and elevation is about 18 cm above sea level. It belongs to the old Brahmaputra floodplain, Agro– ecological Zone (AEZ–9) having non calcareous Dark Gray Plain soil (FAO, 2010). Climate of the experimental site: The experiment plot was medium high land. The experimental area under subtropical climate characterized by moderately high temperature humidity and heavy rainfall with occasional gusty winds during Kharif season (March to September) and scanty rainfall associated with moderately low temperature during Rabi season (October to February). Experimental design and layout: The experiment was laid out in a randomized completed block design (RCBD). The size of the unit plot was 2m × 2m. Distance between block to block and plot to plot 0.5m in the experimental field. Two varieties were used for this study. Each treatment on replicated in thrice in the experimental field. Treatments: Factor A. Variety as planting materials (2): Two varieties were used as planting materials for the present study. They are as follows: V₁= BARI–1 brinjal, V₂=BARI–4 brinjal. Factor B. Treatment (3): Different types of waste were incorporated with soil as treatments of the study. They are as follows: T_o= Control soil, T₁= Municipal waste, T₂= Industrial waste. Collection of wastes sample: Two types of wastes were used such as industrial waste and municipal waste. Normal soil was also used as control. Municipal waste was collected from waste dumping site near to Shombugong bridge area of Mymensingh sadar, Mymensingh. Industrial waste was collected from GMS composite knitting industries Ltd. at Sultan market in Kashimpur, Gazipur. Land preparation: The land was first opened with power tiller then it was ploughed and cross ploughed as many as five times followed by laddering at suitable intervals to prepare well pulverized plot. Farmyard manure or compost was incorporated into the soil during 1^st ploughing. During land preparation weed and other stubbles of the previous crops were collected and removed from the land. These operations were done to bring the land under a good faith. Collected wastes sample mixing: The collected soil samples were mixed according to the treatment. There were six plots that were mixing with municipal waste and six plots were mixing with industrial waste. About 12 kg wastes were used for each plot. Remaining six plots were used as control. Collected sample were mixed 15 days before planting. Source of seedling collection: About 32 days old seedlings were used as planting material. The two varies of brinjal were selected for experiment e.g. BARI–1 and BARI–4. There were 9 plots which were used for BARI –1 variety and remaining 9 plot used for BARI–4 variety in plots. Planting: Seedlings were collected from the field laboratory of the department of horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Seedlings were planted after 7 days of final land preparation. Transplanting was done by 25 November 2015. It was done at afternoon to avoid sunlight. Seedlings were irrigated immediately after transplanting. Some extra seedlings were planted near the experimental plot for gap filling. Shadings were provided by pieces of banana leaf sheath for three days to protect the seedling from the direct sun just after planting. Irrigation, weeding and pesticides application were done properly according to crop production guidelines. Harvesting: Fruits were started to harvest when it became slightly violet color. First harvest was done on 24^th March. Harvesting was continued from March to early May. Fruits were collected separately for further research activities. Data collection: Data were collected on initial content of Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe from the three type’s viz. normal, municipal waste and industrial waste mixed soil of the study. Thereafter, those heavy metals contents were also recorded on fruits and roots sample from the harvested brinjal plant at harvest. Sample preparation: Some healthy and fresh fruits were selected at first then these were air dried. Then these were grounded and preserved into paper made packed for heavy metal analysis. Appearance: Color, size and freshness of fruits were observed. Waste sample preparation for analysis: After collecting of waste sample the unwanted material such as stubbles, stones, gravels, weeds etc were removed. Then samples were air dried, grounded and sieved through 2mm sieve. These samples were stored in a clean plastic bag for heavy metal analysis. Determination of heavy metal in waste and soil samples: Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe were analyzed from the wastes and soil sample. Analyses were done at the soil science division laboratory, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agricultural (BINA), Mymensingh. For the determination of total metal concentration exactly 1 gm of powered waste sample was digested with aquaregia (HNO₃: HCl =1:3). Then the content was evaporated to dry and again 5 mL of aquaregia was added. This process was repeated 2–3 times for efficient extraction of metals. Then the digest was filtered through a filter paper (Whatman no. 42) and the filted volume was made 25 mL with HNO₃. The determination of different heavy metals from waste samples was done by atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (PG990, England). Mono element Hollow Cathode lamp (HCl) was employed for the determination of each heavy metal. At first the AAS was calibrated followed by the manufacture’s recommendation. Then the sample was diluted and directly run in AAS for the determination of heavy metal in sample. A standard curve was prepared by plotting the absorbance reading on. Y–axis versus the concentration of each standard solution of metal on X–axis. Then the concentration of metals was calculated in the sample by plotting the AAS reading on the standard curve. Determination of heavy metal in vegetable: Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe were analyzed from the fruit samples. Analyses were done at the soil science division laboratory, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agricultural (BINA), Mymensingh. For the determination of a sample weighing 0.5g was transferred into a dry clean digestion vessel. Nitric acid of 5ml was added to the sample and was allowed to stand overnight under fume hood. On the following day the vessels were placed on a heating block and heated at a temperature slowly raised to 120⁰ C for two hours. After cooling 2ml of hydrogen per oxide (H₂O₂) was added and kept for few minutes. Again the vessel was heated at 120⁰ C. Heating was momentarily stopped when the dense with white fumes occurred after which the volume was reduced to 3–4 ml. The digested was cooled. Diluted to 50ml with deionized water and filtered through Whitman no.42 filter paper into plastic bottle. The determination of different heavy metals from fruit and root samples were done by atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (PG990, England).The above method was followed. Data processing and analysis: All the ends of data collection were compiled, tabulated and analyzed. Statistical analysis of the data generated out of the chemical analysis of water samples were done with the help of scientific calculator. The collected data were tabulated and coded. The data on various parameters under study were statistically analyzed according to the principles of experimental design to find out the variation resulting from experimental treatments. Analysis of variance was done following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with the help of MSTAT–C package programme developed by Russel (1986). The mean of all the studied parameters were adjudged by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability.

Source of Information: Progressive Agriculture 27 (4): 453-465, 2016

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

From the obtained results it may be concluded that the both brinjal variety showed optimum values as per FAO and WHO for the heavy metal contents in both fruits and roots in different types of soil which indicated that both BARI–1 and BARI–4 brinjal variety may be acceptable for the cultivation in different soil types of the Bangladesh. Besides, both control and municipal waste treated soils also showed acceptable range of heavy metal for the cultivation of BARI brinjal in Bangladesh condition which also indicated that municipal waste may will be used for the cultivation of brinjal which will ensure the sustainable agriculture and safer for our environment . This study showed that the roots contain more heavy metals than fruits of brinjal. This study showed that Cu, Zn contents were higher in BARI-1 and Pb, Fe were higher in BARI-4 varieties brinjal. This study suggested that the industrial waste treated soil may not suitable for the vegetable cultivation might be due to the over range of heavy metal as recommended by FAO and WHO.

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