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Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Status of Rice Co- Planted with a Novel Phytoremediator, Marsilea Minuta L.

U. Hassi
Department of Soil, Water & Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000

M. T. Hossain
Department of Soil, Water & Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000

S. M. I. Huq
University of Barisal, Kornokathi, Barisal 8200, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

A pot experiment was carried out to assess the effects of arsenic and aquatic fern (Marsilea minuta L.), when applied as a phytoremediator, on the nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) of rice. Two sets of pot experiments were conducted in the net house on rice (Oryza sativa L.) together with aquatic fern (M. minuta) and on aquatic fern (M. minuta) alone where soils were treated with 1 mg/L As-solution at 80% arsenite and 20% arsenate. No significant difference was found in the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations of rice, in the absence of arsenic, whether grown in the presence of M. minuta or not. The uptake of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was found to be 36%, 23%, and 22% more, respectively in rice plants treated with M. minuta and arsenic over the control treatment, although the results were statistically insignificant. However, a significant negative relationship was found between arsenic and root nitrogen (P-value of 0.0017) when grown together with arsenic and M. minuta. A significant positive relationship was found between arsenic and shoot phosphorus (P-value of 0.0025) as well as arsenic and shoot and root potassium (P-values were 0.0045 and 0.0115, respectively). The results indicate that Marsilea minuta might be used as a phytoremediator of As together with rice plants.

Keywords: Rice, Arsenic, Marsilea minuta, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium

Location: In the net house of Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka.

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Rice, Fertilizer

Objectives:

In the present study, two pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of As on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in rice and M. minuta.

Methodology:

A pot experiment was conducted in the net house of Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka. The experiment was conducted in As- contaminated soils (non-calcareous alluvium) collected from Manikganj district, Bangladesh (23°52’60” N and 90°02’12” E). Soils were collected from a depth of 0 – 15 cm, as recommended by the Soil Survey Staff of the USDA (1951). Rice seeds of BRRI dhan 28 were collected from authorized seed market, and M. minuta was collected from the Botanical Garden of the University of Dhaka. Marsilea minuta was allowed to grow in the water medium for seven days before transplantation. For optimum growth of plants, recommended doses of N, P, and K (N = 230.8 kg urea/ha, P = 78.05 kg TSP/ha, and K = 128 kg MoP/ha soil) was applied following a fertilizer recommendation guide (BARC, 2012). In the first phase, M. minuta was cultivated into 1.5 kg of soil, in the presence and absence of As, representing as MX and MA. In the next phase, M. minuta was allowed to grow together with rice in the presence and absence of As into 5 kg of soil which are represented as RAM (rice with M. minuta and As), RXM (rice with M. minuta and without As), RAX (rice with As and without M. minuta), and RXX (rice without As and M. minuta). Three replications were conducted for each treatment. Throughout the growth period, 100 mL and 250 mL of As-treated water (1 mg/L As) was applied to the plants grown in 1.5 kg and 5 kg of soil, respectively. Arsenic stock solution was made from 80% arsenite (NaAsO2) combined with 20% arsenate (Na2HAsO4.H2O) (Ali et al., 2016). Three replications were conducted for each treatment. Rice plants were harvested at 90 days after transplantation, and M. minuta plants were harvested at 70 days after transplantation. After harvesting and washing, the whole rice plants were separated into roots, shoots, and unhusked grain and M. minuta were separated into roots and shoots. Plant samples were first air-dried, then oven dried at 85° ± 5°C for 48 hours, then ground with mortar and pestle for chemical analysis.
Soil samples were sieved through a 0.5 mm sieve for chemical analysis. Particle size analysis of soil was conducted following the USDA (1951) methods. Total organic C was determined following the methods of Walkley and Black (1949), and available N (%) and P (%) were estimated following the procedures described in Carter and Gregorich (2007). Moisture content was determined by using the gravimetric method. Total N of the plant samples was determined by Kjeldahl’s method following concentrated sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) digestion as described by Imamul Huq and Alam (2005). Total P of the plant samples was determined by Vanadomolybdophosphoric Yellow Color method using a spectrophotometer wavelength ranging from 400 to 490 nm (according to the sensitivity needed) (Imamul Huq and Alam, 2005). The amount of potassium was estimated using flame emission spectrophotometer, wavelength settings at 766.5 (Imamul Huq and Alam, 2005). Total soil arsenic (As) was extracted by aqua- regia (concentrated HCl: concentrated HNO₃ = 3:1) digestion, and As from plant samples was extracted by concentrated HNO₃ digestion with a 24-hour pre- digestion, determined by a Hydride Vapor Generator (HVG) with 20 % KI in acid medium. The hydride was generated using 5M HCl, 0.4% NaBH4, and 0.5% NaOH in deionized water (Hassi et al., 2017; Ganje and Rains, 1982). Data were analyzed by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), with significance values calculated using the least-significant-difference (LSD) test, using MINITAB-18.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(2): 211-218, June 2018 ISSN 0258-7122 (Print), 2408-8293 (Online)

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Achievement/Findings:

It could be concluded from the present study that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations of rice was not affected due to the application of M. minuta in rice cultivation. Moreover, the concentration of these three nutrients in different parts of M. minuta was not affected due to the application of As. Additional studies are needed before introducing M. minuta to an As- contaminated rice field.

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