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Study on Indiscriminate Use of Antibiotics in Poultry Feed and Residues in Broilers of Mymensingh City in Bangladesh

MI Khan
Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh

J Ferdous
Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh

MRA Ferdous
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

MS islam
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

K Rafiq
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

UK Rima
Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Knowledge, attitude and practice of broiler sellers about the indiscriminate use of antibiotic in poultry feed and antibiotic residue status of broiler in the live bird market of Mymensingh city was investigated. Twenty live poultry selling shops were randomly interviewed and six broilers from each market (5x6= 30) were randomly selected for detection of residual antibiotics in the liver and breast muscle. All the broiler meat sellers were male and the number of participants appeared higher in 21-30 year age group. The proportion of different age groups found to vary significantly (P<0.01). Among them, 10% sellers were illiterate, 60% sellers merely cross primary education, 25% sellers had secondary education and 5% sellers reached level of higher education. All sellers were familiar with antibiotics and vitamins. About 57.5% and 22.5% of the broiler sellers had knowledge onto the use of antibiotic as growth promoter. Only 7.5% sellers understood the term antibiotic resistance and 12% had little knowledge on human health hazard following indiscriminate use of antibiotics. All broiler sellers provided commercial feed and water throughout selling period, whereas, 77.5% and 17.5% of them used mixed vitamins and antibiotics in water to prevent unwanted mortality. In terms of adding extra antibiotics in feed, 32.5% of the sellers depended on feed sellers and only 20% of them used prescription provided by the registered veterinarian. The residue of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin in liver and meat of broilers were evaluated by using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The highest percentages of antibiotic residues were detected in the birds of Kachijhuli bazar (26.67%) and lowest in Shankipara bazar (13.33%). The highest percentages of antibiotics used in poultry feed was enrofloxacin (46.67%) followed by ciprofloxacin (30.00%) and amoxicillin (23.33%). In addition, amoxicillin plus ciprofloxacin (30%) and ciprofloxacin plus enrofloxacin (43.33%) were commonly found in the liver of broilers. All the broilers had antibiotic residue in their liver and breast meat containing antibiotic residues in 20% cases. Amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were routinely used in poultry feed and the meat sellers had little knowledge about the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry sector. Therefore, community base awareness regarding the discriminate and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry sector is essential, and to evaluate the effect of residual antibiotics in the broilers onto the resistance of common bacterial pathogens living in the gut & systems.

Keywords: KAP, Antibiotic residues, Broiler, Feed, Meat

Location: Swadeshi Bazar, Notun Bazar, Kachijhuli Bazar, Shankipara Bazar, and Pouroshova Bazar in Mymensingh Sadar.

Start Date: 01-10-2017

End Date: 30-10-2017

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Broiler

Objectives:

To evaluate the effect of residual antibiotics in the broilers onto the resistance of common bacterial pathogens living in the gut & systems.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of 1 month at 5 different wet markets in Mymensingh Sadar from 1^st October to 30^th October 2017 namely Swadeshi Bazar, Notun Bazar, Kachijhuli Bazar, Shankipara Bazar, and Pouroshova Bazar. A total of 20 shops were selected randomly for questionnaire study and sample collection. Each live bird sellers were questioned with a close ended questionnaire. The survey was performed at night around 9.00pm when they were free of customers. During interview, workers in the live bird market was questioned targeting age of the meat seller, level of education, experience of antibiotic use in poultry feeds, consequences of antibiotics abuses, left over antibiotics in poultry meat and antibiotic resistance microbes etc. Collection of bird and sample: Altogether 30 live chickens (06 from each market) were collected randomly for this study. Chickens were collected only from those shops whose owners agreed to participate in the survey willingly. After slaughtering, liver and breast muscle were collected in plastic zipper bag from each chicken and stored at -20°C until proceed to extraction procedure. Antimicrobials extraction: Total extraction procedure was performed following the standard procedure (Popelka et al., 2005). Meat and liver samples from each bird were blend with mortar and pestle. Aliquot sample of 4 gm was taken in a falcon tube with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and homogenized by vortex and protein was precipitated by using 2 ml of 30% trichloroacetic acid. (The mixture was centrifuged at 6000rpm for 20mins, supernatant was collected and filtered. Then the supernatant was taken into falcon tube and added equal amount of diethyl ether. The mixture was kept steady in room temperature for 10mins and separated through separating funnel. The upper oily layer was discarded and bottom layer was collected into screw capped vial. Then antibiotic residue detection was done by thin layer chromatography (TLC).Pointing on TLC plate: Initially for pointing pre- coated TLC plates were cut with scissors according to the shape of TLC tank and pointing was done with the pencil. A line was drawn on plate that was sufficiently high up to touch the solvent. Then with capillary tube pointing of standard solution was done on this line about 2.00cm distances from each other. For multiple spotting (usually three), first spot was dried before adding another one. After drying of spots the plates was then placed in the TLC tank and allowed for running. Running of TLC: For For better performance continuous development of chromatogram was done. The duration of mobile phase to run was 25mins for each plate placed in the TLC tank. Thus a continuous flow of the mobile phase maintained along with the stationary phase. This technique was performed as used to separate antibiotics from solution. Examination of chromatogram: The chromatogram was examined under the ultraviolet lamp at 256 nm for spots i.e., spot that fluorescence. The outline of the spot was mark with a series of dots using a sharp pencil. The colour of each fluorescent spot was recorded on a separate paper. Detection of Specific Antibiotic Using Standard: Each UV positive sample was compared using known standard drug in the same TLC plate and confirmed by measuring R_f value according to the standard procedure. Determination of R_f (Retardation factor) value: To define the relative migration rate of substances under various conditions retardation factor was determined. It is the ratio of distance moved by the substance and distance move by solvent. For this, the distance that each spot had travelled from the start line was measured in cm, taken from the center of the spot. Also the distance of the solvent was measured from the start line not from the bottom of the chromatogram. Then calculation of R_f values was carried out using the following equation: R_f = Distance moved by the substance/ Distance move by solvent. Results of all R_f values were recorded on a paper in tabular form. Interpretation of results: For interpretation, first setting of standard with reference/ pure substances was determined with three repeated times of examination by standard solution. A substance was positively identified in the unknown solution when it behaved identically as the reference substance (Abdul-Ghani, 2005). Following comparison of two substances(standard & unknown) a sample was identified based on the color (same colour under UV light) and R_f value (same R_f value as those of the reference sample).

Source of Information: Progressive Agriculture 29 (4): 345-352, 2018

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

1.

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In Bangladesh significant amount of antibiotics used in poultry farming but concerns have been raised that tissues of food animals contaminated with antimicrobial residues may cause adverse side effects in consumers. Our study confirmed the presence of antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples collected from different Union of Mymensingh Sadar. This may pose potential hazard to public health. Thus, it is recommended that rules should be taken to ensure maintaining proper withdrawal periods before marketing and drug control in veterinary use. The respective authorities should take necessary steps to increase awareness among respective community. It needs to train up poultry meat sellers about the abuse of antibiotics in poultry feeds and its consequences on consumers. A large number of samples from wider sources need to be analyses to know the actual concentration of residual antibiotics with identify drug resistance bacterial load in the boilers if any to design future strategy to provide safe food from broilers origin.

Knowledge Management: Journal