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Irrigation Water Quality of Surface and Ground Water Used for Boro Rice Cultivation in Khulna District in Bangladesh

M. T. Sultan
Soil, Water and Environment Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh

S. M. Billah
Soil, Water and Environment Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Bangladesh is a land of mighty rivers and innumerable tributaries, heavy rainfall and recurring floods. Nearly 75 percent of the country’s population depends either directly or indirectly on agriculture. This study deals with the quality of surface and ground water used in rice cultivation of Khulna district, which is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh. This study was carried out to characterize the surface and ground water in terms of different dissolved elements in relation to the suitability of the water for irrigation purposes in Khulna. To analyze the water quality for irrigation of Boro rice, the water samples both surface and ground water were collected from different Upazillas. A reconnaissance survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites. Collected samples were immediately analyzed for finding important chemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC),Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP),Sodium to Calcium Activity Ratio (SCAR), Sodium Ratio (SR), Residual Sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI) and Total Hardness (HT). From the analysis, it was observed the ionic concentration and other chemical parameters varied in different water sources of the area. SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR are high in all sources where surface water contained most but SR, MAR, HT and Permeability were in favorable concentration in both sources in Khulna District. Therefore, the sodicity and alkalinity hazards risk have been found to both of the water sources to use in irrigation purposes.

Keywords: Surface water, Ground Water; Concentration Level; Irrigation, Water Quality

Location: Khulna district

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Groundwater, Water quality

Objectives:

To evaluate the quality of irrigation water, we need to identify the characteristics that are important for plant growth, and their acceptable levels of concentrations.

Methodology:

Khulna district is situated in Khulna Division of Bangladesh consisting of 9 Upazila. It is 4395 square kilometers, located between 21°41’ and 23°00’ North latitude and in between 89°14’ and 89°45’ East longitude. It is 12 feet above from mean sea level (BPC, 2001a). Khulna district is under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover maximum upazilas of Khulna district. A reconnaissance survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and the samples were collected from 5 Upazila among 9 Upazila of the district. The groundwater samples were collected from shallow tube-wells; because, maximum farmers use shallow tube-well water for irrigation. Surface water samples were collected from the reservoir beside the crop field which water is used in irrigation purposes. Dry, cleaned and high density PVC bottles without any contamination were used as containers for sampling. This under Ganges River Flood Plain and Gopalganj-Khulna Bills Agro-ecological zone. The physiography is Beel centered. The sampling sites of Khulna District. A research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture of Khulna District. Hydro-geological studies were carried out on January, 2017. Water (both surface and groundwater) samples were collected and the hydraulic heads were observed at different sampling sites. The sampling sites cover maximum upazila of Khulna district. A reconnaissance survey was conducted in different areas of sampling sites and the samples were collected from 5 Upazila among 9 Upazila of the district. The groundwater samples were field sampling method followed the WHO, UCCC and USEPA system of standard laboratory and field sampling principles, rules and regulations. The collected water samples were filtered through Whatman no. 42 filter paper (25 µm pore size) before chemical analysis. These were later used for various chemical analyses. pH was determined electrochemically with the help of glass electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1962). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water samples was measured directly by the help of EC meter (USDA, 2004). The available Na+ of water samples were determined by a flame analyzer at 767 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1967). The available K+ of water was determined by a flame analyzer at 589 nm wavelength. The Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ of water samples were determined by titrimetric method (Lanyon and Heald, 1982). Bicarbonate (HCO₃-)of the water samples were determined by titrimetric method (Jackson, 1962). The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The statistical analyses were carried out by using Computer Programs of Statistical software Minitab (Version 17.0).In statistical analysis, the alphabetic letters (A, B, C…) were used to differentiate the content of elements among the ground water, the alphabetic dash (A’, B’, C’…) were used to differentiate the content of elements among the surface water and the small letters (a, b) were used to differentiate the content of elements between the ground and surface water samples.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 54(3), 263-274, 2019

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

EC prevailed in ground water than surface water where pH was within permissible limit to both of ground and surface water. EC and HT of collected surface water samples was excellent but ground water had slight to moderate restriction to use for irrigation.SAR, SSP, SCAR and KR were high in all sources but surface water contained more than ground. No SR, MAR, and Permeability problem was found to exist in Khulna District. Therefore, it can be concluded that, all the sources of surface water and ground water has the risk of sodicity hazard as well as alkali hazard for irrigation that should be treated properly to use. Preferably, ground water is easier to treat as containing lesser problems. But, if possible, the surface water should use for irrigation with proper treatment to lessen the pressure on ground water reservoir.

Knowledge Management: Journal