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Approach of Monocarpic Senescence Control by Nitrogen Manipulation in Mungbean and Cowpea

Md. Matiul Islam
Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh

Seijun Sakamoto
Tropical Crop Improvement Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan

Shao-Hui Zheng
Tropical Crop Improvement Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Pods start growing almost at the same time and mature simultaneously in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) plants. But mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and cowpea (Vigna sinensis Endl.) perform unsynchronized pod maturity. To overcome unsynchronized pod maturity the nitrogen redistribution aspects of mungbean and cowpea were investigated based on the linkage of soybean. Pot experiment was conducted using a nodulating mungbean variety (cv. XANH NINH THUAN) in 2015 and cowpea variety (cv. IT98K-205-8) in 2016 in the vinyl house at Saga University in Japan. During the experiment, nutrient solution was applied by changing nitrogen concentrations to 5, 25 and 100 ppm (control). Mungbean plants provided with low concentration of 5 and 25 ppm of nitrogen supply was not capable to produce continuous pods. Cowpea plants supplied with low concentration of nitrogen was also unable to produce successful pods continuously. Insufficient nitrogen hampered the continuation of pod setting in both the cases, might be due to, all the vegetative stored nitrogen had been utilized for seed development during the vegetative phase before pod setting. In case of 100 ppm nitrogen supply, for both mungbean and cowpea, no senescence and nitrogen remobilization occurred. However, researches showed that soybean typically undergoes the remobilization evidence, i.e., monocarpic senescence, in 100 ppm of nitrogen supply.

Keywords: Mungbean; Cowpea; Nitrogen, Nitrogen remobilization; Soybean

Location: In a sideopened vinyl house in Saga University, Japan

Start Date: 27-07-2015

End Date: 09-11-2015

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Fertilizer, Mungbean, Cowpea

Objectives:

The specific objective of this study was to compare the soybean leaf senescence with mungbean and cowpea so that a clear image of nitrogen redistribution and some of its related aspects could be depicted.

Methodology:

To compare the soybean leaf senescence with mungbean and cowpea, pot experiment was conducted using mungbean variety (cv. XANH NINH THUAN) in a sideopened vinyl house in Saga University, Japan (33° 14′ 32″ N and 130° 17′ 28″ E). The plants were grown during 27 July to 9 November 2015. Another pot experiment was conducted using cowpea variety (cv. IT98K-205-8) in the same vinyl house. The cowpea plants were grown during 22 September to 9 November 2016. In both the years, the procedures and conditions were the same for the production process of mungbean and cowpea. In both the cases soybean were grown together (in 2015 along with mungbean; and in 2016 along with cowpea). The soybean monocarpic senescence related experimental methods and results have been discussed in Islam et al., 2016 and Islam et al., 2017. Four seeds were sown in the pots (16 cm diameter and 20 cm depth) filled with well washed fine sand and vermiculite (1:1), and then the seedlings were thinned to one plant per pot when the trifoliate leaf extended fully. The seeds were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium Spp. (Konryukin Mame-zo, Tokachi Nokyoren, Hokkaido, Japan). After emergence, all the plants were watered twice a week with a half concentration (50 ppm nitrogen) of the basic nutrient solution following the research conducted by Zhao et al. (2014b), and then with full concentration of the basic solution (100 ppm nitrogen) from two weeks after emergence till harvest. The nitrogen concentration in the basic nutrient solution was changed after two weeks of sowing. During experiment, nutrient solution was applied by changing nitrogen concentrations to 5, 25 and 100 ppm (control). Nutrient solutions were applied twice a week with enough amounts (≈1000 ml pot^–1) which could replace the previous residual solution in the sand-vermiculite medium, while plain water was supplied to make the medium moistened enough in the interval period based on the observed dryness of the sand-vermiculite medium. Five plants were used in each treatment. After starting the treatment, two leaf discs (2.54 cm², each) were collected from the leaflet on 2nd to 3rd leaves from the top on the main stem with two to six days interval and dried in an air-circulating oven at 70ºC for 48 hours for nitrogen quantification by Kjeldahl method (Jackson, 1973). Two leaf discs (2.54 cm², each) were also taken from the same plants with three to eight days interval and freeze immediately by using liquid nitrogen (−196°C), and stored in a deep freezer (at −80ºC) for soluble protein quantification by Bradford method (Bradford, 1976). The leaf photosynthetic rates were measured by three to seven days interval with portable photosynthesis system LI-6400 (LI-COR Bioscience, Lincoln NE, USA), on the sunny day between 10.00 to 12.00 A.M. using the leaflet on 2nd to 3rd leaves, from the top on the main stem. The conditions set for photosynthesis measurement were: leaf temperature 30ºC, reference CO₂ 370 ppm and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) 1500 µmol photons m−2 s−1. Leaf SPAD values (the term and value used to express greenness of plant leaves), an indicator of chlorophyll content, were measured with SPAD meter (SPAD-502, Minolta Co. Ltd., Japan) with three to six days interval. At the harvest maturity stage, all the plants in each treatment were harvested for the determination of the seed yield and yield components. Single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and Tukey’s HSD (along with lettering) were used for the analysis of significance (at 5% level, i.e., p<0.05) on all the parameters among the different treatments. MS Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) were used for analyzing the data and related graph preparation.

Source of Information: J Bangladesh Agril Univ 16(3): 386–395, 2018 ISSN 1810-3030 (Print) 2408-8684 (Online)

Article Link (Online Journal): https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i3.39404

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

It is confirmed that the nitrogen supply controls the initiation and progress of monocarpic senescence in soybean (Islam et al., 2017). In mungbean and cowpea, even nitrogen manipulation express the influence on leaf senescence, however, whether the rate of seed nitrogen requirement exceeds the accumulation by mungbean and cowpea plants is yet to be investigated.

Knowledge Management: Journal