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Incidence of Rhizome Rot of Ginger in Some Selected Areas of Bangladesh and the Causal Pathogens Associated with the Disease

MM Islam
Senior Scientific Officer
Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh

F Khatun
Chief Scientific Officer
Plant Pathology Division, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh

MI Faruk
Senior Scientific Officer
Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh

MM Rahman
Senior Scientific Officer
Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh

MA Hossain
Chief Scientific Officer & Head
Farm Division, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Ginger (Zingiber officinaleL.) belongs to family Zingiberaceae is an important oriental spice crop. Ginger is high value crop which grows well in warm and humid climate and is cultivated from sea level to an altitude of 1500 meters above sea level (Kandinnan, et al. 1996). It has special significance for tropical countries where it is produced and consumed in large quantities (Islam, 2017; BARI, 2012, 2013 and 2014). The aromatic rhizomes are used as spice and medicine. Major producers of ginger in the world are India, Jamaica, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, China, Japan, Taiwan and Australia (Rana and Sharma, 1998). Ginger is much more used in Bangladesh as a spice and is cultivated more or less all over the country. In the country produced only 74380 metric tons of ginger from 9120 ha of land and the yield per hectare was 8.15 kg (BBS, 2011). But average yield is low as compared to other ginger growing countries of the world. The production is not enough to fulfill the annual requirement of the country. So every year a good amount of ginger is imported in exchange of foreign currency. Like many countries diseases are the major limiting factors for ginger cultivation in Bangladesh. Among the diseases, rhizome rot is the most devastating one caused by Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Ralstonia solanacearum through out the world (Chauhan and Patel, 1990; Dohroo et al. 1987 and Iyer, 1987). The pathogens involved decide the nature of the damage and symptom expression .The major pathogens involved with rhizome rot are viz., species of Pythium causing soft rot, Fusarium spp. causing yellows or wilt and Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt (Elliot, 2003). Basal rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii which appears later in the season in some cases. All these pathogens are known to form complexes with nematodes leading to synergistic effect on the severity of the disease. They predispose the crops to secondary pathogens (Sarma, 1994).Loss due to rhizome rot is estimated in many countries and the main pathogens associated with rhizome rot are the fungi such as Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp, bacteria like Ralstonia solanacearum and nematode (Elliot, 2003). It may cause losses to the extent of 50% or more due to soft rot ((Islam, 2017; BARI, 2012, 2013 and 2014; Joshi and Sharma, 1982) and sometimes total failure of the crops in the tropical regions of India; 70% rhizome production is reduced due to the infection caused by Pythium spp. and Fusariumspp. in Nepal and 5-30% losses occurred in Fiji and Australia by Pythium myriotylum. Soil, water and infected planting materials are the main source of perpetuation of these pathogens. Pythium spp. is able to persist in soil over decay by means of encysted zoospores, oospores and sporangia. Pythium spp also can survive in air dry muck soil for up to 12 years (Hoppe, 1966). Pythium spread via infested rhizomes and as oospores surviving in debris in the soil. Infection started from contaminated planting materials, saprophytically living fungus in the soil or on trash of previous ginger crops. The soft rot pathogen generally have quite a wide host range and can survive on other host plants so this makes it difficult to control in the field. In the past Pythium aphanidermatum was known as the sole causal agent of rhizome rot of ginger and was successfully controlled by the technology developed by Plant Pathology Division, BARI. But during the last few years that technology was not working well and it was noticed that some other fungal and bacterial association were involved with such rot. As the crop is cash crop so it is prime need to identify the causal agents of rhizome rot through intensive survey which will help to modify the existing technology for managing the disease in future.

Keywords: Ginger, Rhizome rot, Fusarium spp.

Location: Nilphamari, Rangpur, Bogra, Tangail and Khagrachari

Start Date: 00-00-2013

End Date: 00-00-2014

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Ginger, Diseases

Objectives:

The present research work was undertaken to determine the incidence of rhizome rot of ginger and its causal agents.

Methodology:

A survey program was conducted in five districts namely Nilphamari, Rangpur, Bogra, Tangail and Khagrachari with a view to survey the incidence of rhizome rot during 2013-14. A total of 1156 farmer's field representing two upazilla from each district and at least 10 ginger fields from each upazilla were surveyed. The locations of survey were Upazilla of Sadar and Sayedpur of Nilphamari district, Sadar and Gangachara upazilla of Rangpur, Shibgong and Gabtali upazilla of Bogra, Madhupur and Ghatail upazilla of Tangail and Sadar and Dighinala upazilla of Khagrachari. Incidence of rhizome rot was estimated from each field following the formula of Sagar et al. (2008). Percent Disease Incidence= Number of diseased plants counted/Total number of plants counted x 100 All samples were brought to laboratory and then tested in different media viz. V₈ juice agar, Penta-chloro nitro-benzene (PCNB), Potato dextrose agar (PDA), nutrient agar and Tetrazolium Chloride (TZC) for isolation of fungus and bacteria. Individual infected specimen of ginger rhizomes were washed with plain water and cut into small pieces of 1-1.5 cm². The pieces were surface disinfected with 5 % chlorox for 1 min. Four pieces of pseudostems and rhizomes from each sample are placed in Petri plates containing V₈ juice agar (Tsao and Ocane 1969) for Pythium, PCNB medium for Fusarium spp. (Nash and Snyder, 1962) and PDA for other fungi. The inoculated plates were incubated at 26^°C. The V8 juice agar plates were incubated in the dark for 96 hours. The hyphal tips of fungi growing from those tissues samples were transferred to PDA slants for maintenance. Pieces of infected pseudostems were placed in a small quantity of sterile distilled water for 20 min to allow bacteria to ooze out. A loop full of bacterial suspension was streaked on to TZC agar plates and the plates were incubated at 28^ºC (Kelma, 1954). Fluidal individual colony transferred to Casamino Acid- Peptone Glucose Agar (CPG) and incubated for 48 hours; then again transferred to CPG slants and stored in sterile distilled water.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(3): 569-576, September 2019

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v44i3.43486

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Findings of the present investigation show that causal pathogens of rhizome rot of ginger were Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Ralstonia solanacearum in Bangladesh. These are involved in developing rhizome rot disease complex.

Knowledge Management: Journal