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Tribal Women Involvement with Pig Farming in Bangladesh: an Evidence of Moulvibazar District

R. Khanum*
Department of Agricultural Economics and Policy, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh

M.S.A. Mahadi
Department of Agricultural Economics and Policy, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh

M. S. Islam
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The study examined the profitability and factors affecting farm income from pig farming in Moulvibazar district of Bangladesh. A multistage sampling technique was followed to select 70 tribal women entrepreneurs involved with pig farming. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, benefit-cost analysis, and linear regression model. Average age of pig entrepreneurs was 39.47 years which indicates that they are young and agile. About 71% of Garo entrepreneurs had experience for pig farming. The cost and return analysis showed that in one year, the gross margin was Tk. 56743.70, while the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was 1.19 indicating that the enterprise is profitable. Regression analysis revealed that three variables namely farm size, age of the respondent and experience of pig farming are significant factors affecting farm income. Thus, it was recommended that tribal women should be encouraged to practice pig farming to overcome their low income and unemployment situation.

Keywords: Pig farming, Entrepreneur, Tribal women, Profitability.

Location: Rajghat and Kalighat unions from Sreemangal upazila, and Kulaura and Kadirpur unions from Kulaura upazila

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Socio-economic and Policy

Commodity: Pig

Objectives:

This study is therefore an attempt to examine the profitability associated with pig farming in Moulvibazar district. The specific objectives of this study are: 1) to examine the socioeconomic differences between two groups of tribal women; 2) to determine profitability of pig farming; and 3) to analyze the factors affecting income from pig farming.

Methodology:

Study area, sampling techniques and data collection Moulvibazar district was purposively selected for the study considering the emerging importance of pig farming. A multistage sampling technique was used for the selection of pig producers. In the first stage, two upazila namely, Sreemangal and Kulaura were selected purposively. In the second stage, two unions from each upazila (Rajghat and Kalighat unions from Sreemangal upazila, and Kulaura and Kadirpur unions from Kulaura upazila) were selected purposively because of prominence of pig entrepreneur in the areas. After that the targeted tribal women entrepreneurs from two communities namely Garo and Khasia were randomly selected from 13 punji (the living place of Garo and Khasia communities) using the list of communities available in the local NGOs’ sampling frame. Out of 13 punji, 7 punji were considered from Kulaura and 6 from Sreemangal upazila. The fourth stage involved the random selection of 35 pig farms from the Garo and another 35 pig farms from the Khasia communities making a total of 70 tribal women entrepreneurs using the list of pig farmers available with the local NGOs’ sampling frame. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire from the selected pig entrepreneurs. Both descriptive and analytical methods were employed in order to analyze the data. Data analysis techniques Descriptive statistics Descriptive techniques have been used to illustrate current situations, describe different variables separately. These included: frequency distribution, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Analytical techniques have been utilized to investigate relationship between two communities of tribal women and statistical difference/association among them. Independent t-test It is also a parametric test where data are collected in probability sampling technique. In this study, this technique was used to determine the differences between two tribal communities ‘Garo and Khasia’ on the selected characteristics of tribal women entrepreneur. Cost-benefit analysis This was used to estimate farm net revenue for pig production. Theoretically, net revenue (NR) is total revenue (TR) less the total cost (TC) (Sarma et al., 2014): NR= TR – TC Total cost is the addition of the entire variable cost (VC) and fixed cost (FC) items; TC = TVC + TFC Total revenue is the total amount of money that an entrepreneur received from the sale of stock; TR = Where, P = Price per pig, Q = Quantity of pig sold Gross margin (GM) = TR – TVC Net farm income (NFI) = GM –TFC The rale of return is a performance measure used to measure the amount of return on an investment relative to the investment cost. It is given by: Rate of Returns (ROR) = NR/TC Gross Ratio (GR) = TC/TR Benefit cost ratio (BCR) = TR/TC Pig farming is profitable if it’s BCR. The higher the BCR the more profitable the pig production enterprise is. Depreciation was calculated using the straight line method. Linear regression model Following linear regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting income from pig production in the tribal areas (Miles and Shevlin, 2001). Y= β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 + β4X4 + β5X5 + β6X6 + εi Where, Dependent variable Y = Annual income from pig farm (Tk.) Independent variables: X1 = Age of the respondent (years); X2 = Family size (number); X3 = Educational level of the respondent (year of school); X4 = Farm size (number of pig); X5= Experience of pig farming (number of years); X6 = Pig feed (quantity); β0 = Intercept; β1 to β6 = Regression coefficients of the independent variable; and ε = Disturbance term or error term.

Source of Information: SAARC J. Agri., 16(1): 115-127 (2018)

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i1.37428

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The study was conducted to measure the profitability and factors affecting on farm income of pig in Moulvibazar district of Bangladesh. The study revealed that majority of tribal women entrepreneurs were middle aged and earned significantly from pig farm. It gives them year round work with extra income. The calculated net profit and the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) indicated that it is a profitable business for tribal women. Econometric result also indicate that number of pigs, experience and educational level of entrepreneurs significantly associated with farm income. This also implies that it is profitable and worth venturing as a source of year round income. It plays a vital role in creation of employment opportunities in tribal areas, animal protein supply, increasing income and standard of living, although there are room for improvement. Based on findings of the study, adequate training programme on pig production can be organized for pig entrepreneurs in the stud areas. Pig entrepreneurs should also be organized into formidable groups such as cooperative society to enjoy the marketing of pigs and purchasing inputs such as feeds, drugs and vaccines. If need based remedial measures could be taken, then pig farming would be a viable in commercial enterprise which in turn would play a vital role to overcome the problems of low income and unemployment situation of tribal women. Therefore, the government may provide necessary assistance on how to get access in receiving credit in order to increase their capital base to expand their scale of production.

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