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Passive Surveillance on Occurrence of Deadly Infectious, Non-infectious and Zoonotic Diseases of Livestock and Poultry in Bangladesh and Remedies

M.G.A. Chowdhury
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

M.A. Habib
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

M.Z. Hossain
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

U.K. Rima
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

PC Saha
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

MS Islam
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

S. Chowdhury
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong, Bangladesh

K.M. Kamaruddin
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong, Bangladesh

S.M.Z.H. Chowdhury
3Livestock Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh

M.A.H.N.A. Khan*
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Passive surveillance system was designed with the data (102,613 case records) collected from the Government Veterinary Hospitals, Bangladesh and frequency distribution of diseases was calculated during July 2010 to June 2013. Frequently occurring diseases/ disease conditions reported in livestock were fascioliasis (10.66%), diarrhoea (7.92%), mastitis (7.42%), foot and mouth disease (6.42%), parasitic gastroenteritis (6.31%), coccidiosis (5.5%), Peste des petits ruminants (PPR,5.32%), anthrax (4.19%) and black quarter (3.74%). Diarrhoea and coccidiosis were reported to occur throughout the year. The frequency of fascioliasis appeared higher in buffaloes (34%) followed by sheep (22%), goats (13%) and cattle (11%). PPR is a deadly infectious disease of goats and sheep, accounted for 20% and 13% infectivity in respective species. In chicken the most frequently occurring diseases reported were Newcastle disease (28%), fowl cholera (19%) and coccidiosis (11%). In ducks, duck viral enteritis (28%), duck viral hepatitis (17%), diarrhoea (15%), coccidiosis (10%) and intestinal helminthiasis (10%) were the commonest diseases reported in Bangladesh. Few other endemic diseases of livestock and poultry like Tuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, duck anatipestifer, Marek’s disease, Gumboro disease, avian tuberculosis, mycoplasmosis, dermatophilosis etc. were not included in the hospital data sheet. Financial hurdles persist in a country like Bangladesh, imposing difficulties onto the surveillance and early reporting of the disease outbreaks; these diseases are, therefore, stubbornly prevalent. Development of technological and knowledgeable man power, in time surveillance and early warning of disease outbreak are the key to protect animal and public health and produce safe food of animal origin.

Keywords: Surveillance, Zoonotic, Infectious, Non-infectious, Diseases

Location: Government Veterinary Hospitals, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-07-2010

End Date: 00-06-2013

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Livestock and poultry, Diseases

Objectives:

This paper described the results of a passive surveillance with the data collected from Upazilla Veterinary Hospitals, Bangladesh. The output of this finding is assumed to generate suggestions and probable resolutions against a number of deadly infectious, non-infectious, zoonotic and emerging diseases of livestock and poultry in Bangladesh.

Methodology:

Passive surveillance Passive surveillance is the most common type of surveillance in human and veterinary medical emergencies. Most surveillance for communicable, transboundary, emerging, vector borne diseases are passive. There is diseases investigation and monitoring software for reporting diseases of livestock and poultry attended in the Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Bangladesh. The Government Vets working in the Upazilla Veterinary Hospitals collect data in the patient register, fill in the surveillance questioner and submit it to the epidemiology unit, DLS by the end of each month. In this study data obtained from the epidemiology wing, DLS, were analyze targeting format (epidemiology, ecology), extend of freedom of the Vets and animal health workers during collection and reporting data etc. We have designed a disease investigation format and analyzed data collected from selected Upazilla Veterinary Hospitals, Bangladesh. A total of 102,613 hospital cases were analyzed through the disease investigation forms during the year 2010-2011, 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. The divisions included were Dhaka, Chittagong, Rangpure, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Khulna and Barishal. The data were analyzed by statistical analysis software (SAS) at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong and Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. We report herewith the contribution of seasons, age, geography and species of animals and birds onto the distribution of diseases of livestock and poultry and proposing possible remedies, preventive and control strategies.

Source of Information: SAARC J. Agri., 16(1): 129-144 (2018)

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i1.37429

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

1. Exotic diseases (known diseases that are not present in a country, but exist in other countries) like Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), visna, scrapie, bluetongue disease, chikungunya etc.
2. Endemic diseases (diseases existed in a geographic location under certain levels) like dermatophilosis, amphistomiasis due to Gigantocotyle explanatum, contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia (CBPP), schistosomiasis, Linguatulaserrata infestation etc. 3. Emerging diseases (recently identified diseases that have got much attention due to increased host range, enhance pathogenicity or spread) like Avian influenza, ND, Marek’s disease etc. 4. New diseases (diseases which have not previously been recognized): need to find out 5. Epidemic diseases (diseases which is present in a country or location where sudden outbreak occurs, and then do not occur for a certain period): goat pox and often confused with PPR in goats 6. Zoonotic diseases (diseases transmissible between man and animals) like Tuberculosis, Avian influenza, Malaria, toxoplasmosis, Brucellosis, mites infestation, heartworm infestation in dogs, etc. When the diseases is not present in a country (or a zone or compartment within a country) there may have a number of benefits, including the ability to export animals/ animal product or to cease disease control measures (such as a vaccination program). However, in order to get these benefits, the veterinary authorities must first be confident that the disease is truly absent. Demonstrating freedom from disease is difficult. However, if there is a tendency of the Vets, para-Vets or animal health providers to hide information about the occurrence of a disease or diseases in passive surveillance, that may cause serious havoc on national economy in the long run by sudden outburst which in turn costs a lot for their prevention, control and eradication and finally restricting global trade of animals and animal product. Early recognition of a disease incursion may be important for early response and prevention of epidemicity. Our study showed that all of the diseases now endemic in livestock and poultry in Bangladesh was not recorded by the Vets or animal health providers in the hospital data sheet. There is lacking of routine active surveillance of animal diseases as well. Rarely the results of passive surveillance were supported by the observation of active surveillance. There is huge shortage of effective vaccines (less than 10% of requirement) against all of the endemic infectious diseases of livestock and poultry in Bangladesh. The free animal movement across the country may disseminate avian influenza in poultry and FMD and PPR in livestock. Lab based survey of filed samples revealed that avian influenza in ducks and chickens is now endemic in Bangladesh. There is crying need to develop FMD, PPR and Avian influenza institutes in Bangladesh to combat devastation on livestock and poultry sectoreach year. The Government and non-government research organizations have to enrich their surveillance system and have to report all the diseases to prevent future havoc. Timely collection and analysis of the data of passive and active surveillance systems may enable us to detect most of the infectious, emerging, zoonotic and endemic diseases at early onset and provide warning and precautions accordingly. This may boosts biosecurity and health care facilities of millions of buffaloes, cattle, goats, sheep, chickens and ducks across the country. A successful adaptation of passive surveillance system onto the occurrence of diseases of livestock and poultry may enable us to provide safe food of animal origin and may boostup economic power of the country.

Knowledge Management: Journal