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Toxicity and Physiological Effects of Some Plant Extracts on Fruit Fly Infesting Ash Gourd

M.R. Amin
Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur, Bangladesh

S.M.A. Shafiullah
Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur, Bangladesh

E. Mondal
Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur, Bangladesh

T. Ahmed
Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The aqueous extracts of neem Azadirachta indica, eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus, telakucha Coccinia indica, mahogany Swietenia macrophylla and joba Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves were used to evaluate their toxicity and physiological effects on fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) reared on ash gourd Benincasa hispida. The investigations were done with 1, 2 and 4% extracts and an untreated control. The toxicity of the extracts varied with plant species, concentration and exposure period. Among the treatments, neem revealed the most toxic effect as it showed the lowest LC50 and LC95 values as well as steepest slope of the concentration curve. The order of toxicity of the plants was neem> eucalyptus> telakucha> mehagony> joba. All the extracts reduced pupation, adult emergence, protein content in larval body and body weight of male and female flies. The highest reduction of protein, body weight of male and female flies, pupation and adult emergence were found with 4% neem extract. Among the tested extracts, 4% neem extract was found as the most effective botanical insecticide against B. Cucurbitae

Keywords: Botanical insecticides, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Mortality, Growth, Development

Location: In the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Shaikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-10-2015

End Date: 00-06-2016

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Extract (plant, seed)

Objectives:

In this study the locally available plants namely neem Azadirachta indica, eucalyptus Eucalyptus globules, joba Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, telakucha Coccinia indica and mahogany Swietenia macrophylla leaf extracts were evaluated against the mortality of fruit fly B. cucurbitae larvae reared on ash gourd fruit. The study also estimated the pupation and adult emergence rate, protein content in the adult flies and their body weight.

Methodology:

Study site and condition The study was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Shaikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh during November 2015 to June 2016. The insects were maintained in the laboratory at 12:12 LD, 28 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% RH providing ash gourd which was cultivated in the experimental field of BSMRAU. Preparation of extracts Leaves of neem Azadirachta indica, eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus, joba Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, telakucha Coccinia indica and mahogany Swietenia macrophylla were collected from the BSMRAU campus and transported to the entomology laboratory. The collected leaves were washed with tap water and air dried for 7 days in the shade. Furthermore, the leaves were dried in an oven at 50-60⁰C for 24h to obtain constant weight. The leaves were powdered mechanically by using an electric blender and passed through 40 mesh screen. The powder of each plant species were separately extracted in water. For each preparation, 10g powder was macerated in a 2.5 L capacity glass bottle using 1L water. Then the sample was shaken for 72h using an electric shaker. The extract was filtered and the filtrate was considered 1% concentration (1g 100 ml^-1). Similarly, 2 and 4% extracts were prepared and stored in a refrigerator at 4^oC until insect bioassay. Mortality test Fresh ash gourd fruits were collected from the field and these were cut into pieces and therefore, treated with the extracts. The fruit pieces were then transferred into 9 cm diameter Petri dishes that contained maggots (first and second instar larvae). Each Petri dish had 10 maggots and fruit pieces were used as their diet. An untreated control observation was done with fresh fruit. Number of insect mortality in each Petri dish was recorded at 24, 48 and 72h after treatment and percent mortality was calculated. The observed mortality was corrected following the formula of Schneider Orellis (1949). Observation of pupation and adult insect emergence The 4% extracts of each plant was poured distinctly into the glass containers which had ash gourd pieces. The extracts were mixed with the fruit pieces and the pieces were placed in different Petri dishes and five pairs of newly emerged maggots were released in each Petri dish. The Petri dishes along with the maggots and ash gourd pieces were kept in the laboratory. A control observation was made with maggots and fresh ash gourd pieces. The Petri dishes were kept in net proof cages providing sands on the bottom for pupation of the larvae. Daily observation was made to know the rate of pupation and adult emergence. Estimation of protein and body weight For determination of protein, 6 third instar larvae (One larva from each extract treated and untreated fruits) were selected and oven dried at 60^oC and then powdered. Protein was determined by conventional Kjeldahl method following the protocol of Amin et al. (2011) and the percent reduction of protein in the treatments was calculated. In total 60 adult insects (five male and five female from each extract treated and untreated fruits) were used to determine their body weight. The weight was determined using a digital balance and percent body weight reduction of the insects in different treatments were calculated. Statistical analysis Probit and Chi statistics were employed to analyze the toxicity and protein reduction, respectively. Pupation, adult emergence and body weight reduction data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the mean differences were evaluated using Tukey’s HSD posthoc statistics. All the analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 19.

Source of Information: SAARC J. Agri., 15(2): 125-135 (2017)

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v15i2.35162

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The findings are important baseline information for the potential use of neem and eucalyptus leaf extracts as promising and safe insecticidal agent against B. cucurbitae. These plant extracts could be incorporated into the integrated management programs of fruit fly in ash gourd field, which could reduce control costs and environmental adverse effects associated with the use of broad spectrum insecticides.

Knowledge Management: Journal