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Screening of Tomato Varieties Against Tomato Fruit Borer and Associated Plant Characters

M. R. Amin*
Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh

A. Chakma
Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh

M. Z. Alam
Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh

M. M. Hossain
Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh

F. Ge
State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Insect Pests and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Ten tomato varieties were evaluated to find out their level of resistance against tomato fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under field conditions. The abundance of fruit borer larvae and their infestation, plant morphological characters, nitrogen content, yield and seed germination of the varieties were studied. The varieties differed in their leaf thickness, trichome density, rind thickness and nitrogen content. The fruit borer larval abundance and fruit infestation among the varieties varied significantly. Five varieties namely BARI Tomato-1, BARI Tomato-4, BARI Tomato-10, BARI Tomato-11 and BARI Tomato-15 were least infested by fruit borer (3.6 to 10.0%) and had significantly lower abundance of larvae (0.3 to 0.7 plant-1), and the varieties were classified as resistant. The yield reduction and seed germination of these varieties ranged from 3.9 to 7.9% and 76.7 to 90.7%, respectively. Four varieties namely BARI Tomato-2, BARI Tomato-5, BARI Tomato-12 and BARI Tomato-14 were graded as moderately resistant as the varieties showed 12.4 to 16.2% fruit infestation and revealed 1.0 to 1.3 larvae plant^-1. The yield reduction and seed germination of these varieties ranged from 9.6 to13.2% and 66.7 to 73.3%, respectively. Only the variety BARI Tomato-7 was categorized as moderately susceptible which had significantly the highest abundance of fruit borer larva (1.7 plant^-1), fruit infestation (22.2%) and yield loss (15.9%), and lowest germination performance (62.7%). The study indicated that the varieties differed in their levels of resistance and this promising source of resistance may be incorporated in the integrated management of tomato fruit borer.

Keywords: Fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera, Lycopersicon esculentum, Trichome

Location: In the experimental field of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-11-2015

End Date: 00-06-2016

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Tomato, Insects

Objectives:

The present study was undertaken with ten varieties of tomato which were developed by the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) to find out their level of resistance against H. armigera in the field conditions. The plant morphological characteristics associated with resistance, nitrogen content in the plant, and performances of yield and seed germination of the varieties were also assessed.

Methodology:

The study was carried out in the experimental field of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh during November 2015 to June 2016. The seeds of the tomato varieties namely BARI Tomato-1, BARI Tomato-2, BARI Tomato-4, BARI Tomato-5, BARI Tomato-7, BARI Tomato-10, BARI Tomato-11, BARI Tomato-12, BARI Tomato-14 and BARI Tomato-15 were collected from the (BARI), Gazipur. Cultivation of the tomato varieties Seeds of the tomato varieties were sown separately in a well prepared seed bed (size 3 × 0.6 m and 15 cm in height) to raise seedling. The distance between two beds was 70 cm. Seeds were sown on 31^st October and the seed rate was 300 g ha^-1. Prior to sowing seeds were treated with Thiram (2g kg^-1 of seed) to avoid damage from damping off disease. Seeds were sown at a depth of 2-3 cm and covered with a fine layer of soil followed by light watering by water can. The beds were covered with dry straw to maintain temperature and moisture. The cover of dry straw was removed immediately after germination had complete. During the last week in nursery, the seedlings were hardened by slightly withholding water. The seedlings were cultivated in a completely randomized design with a plot size of 3.0 × 2.0 m. Each variety was cultivated in three plots and there were 30 plots in this experiment. The spacing among the plots was 1.0 m. Seeds were sown on 20 November 2015 in rows. Each plot contained three rows and each row had 5 seedlings. The distance between two seedlings was 60 cm. The plants were supported by bamboo sticks to prevent lodging. The applied doses of NPK fertilizers for this study were 550 kg urea, 450 kg TSP, 250 kg MoP ha^-1, respectively. The entire quantity of TSP and 1/3 MoP were applied during final land preparation. The entire urea and the rest of MoP were applied in three equal installments at 15, 30 and 50 days after transplanting. Intercultural operations such as mulching, weeding, irrigation etc were done whenever necessary. No plant protection measure was applied in the field. Screening against fruit borer The study field was monitored weekly to observe the abundance of fruit borer larvae and fruit infestation by them. To count the number of fruit borer larvae plant^-1, third plant in each row was selected for each variety at 30, 50 and 70 days after transplanting. The total number of healthy fruits and infested fruits of each variety were recorded at each harvesting stage. Fruits were categorized as healthy and infested based on the absence or presence of pod borer infestation. The damaged and undamaged fruits were harvested five times and percentage of fruit infestation was calculated on number basis. A rating system for fruit damage developed by Kashyap and Verma (1986) was followed for estimating relative resistance/susceptibility. Determination of N2 in the fruit Percentage of nitrogen in healthy fruits of each variety was determined using the conventional Kjeldahl method. Chopped, oven dried, healthy fruit of each variety (1.0 g) was weighed using a digital balance (MR 220 no. 971373; Mettler, Berlin, Germany) and transferred to Kjeldahl flasks. For each sample, concentrated H₂SO₄ (20 ml) was added in the presence of 3-4 g catalyst mixture (K₂SO₄–CuSO₄, 5:1). The flask was continuously heated until the solution became clear. The flask was then allowed to cool and 150 ml distilled water was added. A few zinc granules were added to the mixture. One hundred milliliters of 40% NaOH was then poured into the flask, which was immediately attached to a distillation set. An Erlenmeyer flask containing methyl red and methyl blue indicator was placed underneath prior to collecting the distillate. Approximately 150 ml of distillate was collected and titrated with standardized 0.1N HCl. Identification of plant morphological characters and calculation of yield Leaf thickness and number of trichomes were observed on the terminal leaflet of the fourth leaf in 3 plants per variety. From each leaflet 1 cm² section was taken from 1.5 cm above the base and 0.5 cm from each side of the main vein. Rind thickness was measured on the physiological mature fruits. Three fruits were randomly selected for each variety and from each fruit 1 cm² section, located at 0.5 cm from the calyx was taken. Leaf thickness and rind thickness were measured with an ocular micrometer (Carl Zeiss, Germany) at 10X amplification under a microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany). Number of leaf trichomes was counted under the microscope. At each harvesting stage, data on fruit length, diameter and weight were taken from the healthy and infested fruits. Fruit length and diameter was measured with slide calliper and weight was taken with a digital balance (AG204, Mettler Toledo, Switzerland). The fruit yield recorded in each harvesting stage of a variety was pooled for the entire season and calculated in tons per hectare. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the mean values were separated by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). All the analyses were performed using SPSS (IBM Statistics 21.0).

Source of Information: SAARC J. Agri., 14(2): 150-161 (2016)

Article Link (Online Journal): doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v14i2.31255

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

It can be concluded that out of the tested varieties BARI Tomato-1, BARI Tomato-4, BARI Tomato-10, BARI Tomato-11 and BARI Tomato-15 were found as resistant. The moderately susceptible variety was BARI Tomato-7. Further work is needed to characterize the mechanisms of resistance in tomato varieties against fruit borer.

Knowledge Management: Journal