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Chronic Exposure Assessment of Toxic Elements from Agricultural Soils Around the Industrial Areas of Tangail District, Bangladesh

Ram Proshad
Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602

Tapos Kormoker
Department of Emergency Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602

Md. Saiful Islam
Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602 & Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, JAPAN

Md. Abu Hanif
Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur & Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, CHINA

Krishno Chandra
Department of Chemistry, Government Saadat College, Karatia, Tangail,

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present research was conducted to evaluate the potential ecological and human health risk of toxic elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb) from agricultural soils around the industrial areas of Tangail district in Bangladesh. Potential ecological and human health risk were assessed through enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (Cⁱ_f), geoaccumulation index (I_geo), pollution load index (PLI), toxic unit analysis, exposure pathway, hazard quotient and hazard index. The mean concentration of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb in the studied soils were 5.88, 13.92, 18.07, 5.90, 2.19 and 8.08 mg/kg, respectively. The mean values of enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, contamination factor, pollution load index and toxic units were found low for all metals excluding Cd. Considering the severity of potential ecological risk factor for single metal (Eⁱ_r), the descending order of pollutants was Cd > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr. In the perspective of potential ecological risk (PER), soils from all sampling sites indicated moderate to very high PER. Chronic daily intake values were higher in children than the adult for both ingestion and dermal contact as body weight of children was lower than the adult. The non-cancer health risks related to individual element exposure through soil ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation was low for all investigated elements resulted in a HQ < 1, indicating low risk for both adults and children. Considering the total exposure of hazard index of ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation, there was no chance of having non-cancer risk for the inhabitants of the studied industrial area. Carcinogenic risks for both adult and children lying between an acceptable ranges.

Keywords: Carcinogenic risk, Chronic daily intake, Ecological risk, Health risk, Toxic elements

Location: Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) areas of Tangail district, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-03-2016

End Date: 00-04-2016

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Heavy metal

Objectives:

To address the following questions: i) What are the concentration of heavy metals in soils of the studied industrial area? ii) Is the concentration of heavy metals is alarming for our environment? iii) Is it possesses potential health risk?

Methodology:

This study was conducted in Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) areas of Tangail district, Bangladesh. It is one of the densely populated (1,100/square Km) district of the country having an area of 334.26 Km². Tangail Sadar Upazila is one of the most densely polluted area in Bangladesh where the density of population is 1,100/Km² (2011 census) (BBS, 2011). The study area is situated between at 24.20° N to 89.58° E. Tangail is an industrial growing site of Bangladesh, which is highly susceptible to environmental pollution over the last decade (Proshad et al., 2018c). There are several types of industrial units including garments, tannery industries packaging industry, dyeing, brick kiln, metal work- shops, battery manufacturing industries, tanneries, textile industries, pesticide and fertilizer industries, different food processing industries and other factories of BSCIC industrial areas produce huge volumes of effluents that contain trace metals. The untreated wastes and effluents from these industries are discharged randomly to river and canals. Then that wastes are mixed with soils and the soil is continuously polluted by heavy metals.

Soil samples were collected during March-April, 2016. Ten agricultural soil sampling locations were selected in the industrial areas of Tangail district. Agricultural soil samples (up to 10 cm) were collected in the form of three subsamples. These sub-samples were thoroughly mixed to form a composite sample. Samples were air-dried at room temperature for two weeks, then ground and homogenized. The dried soil samples were crumbled with a porcelain mortar and pestle and sieved through 2 mm nylon sieve and stored in an airtight clean Ziploc bag and kept frozen until chemical analysis (Oliveira et al., 2012; Arenas-Lago et al., Soil pH was determined by using a glass electrode pH meter (WTW pH 522; Germany). 10 g of air-dried soil from each sampling site was taken in 50 mL beakers separately and 25 mL of distilled water was added to each beaker. The suspension was stirred well for 20 minutes and allowed to stand for about 30 minutes. Then each sample was stirred again for 2 minutes before taking the reading. The position of the electrode was immersed into the partly settled soil suspension and pH was measured. For EC determination, 5.0 g of soil was taken in 50 mL polypropylene tubes and 30 mL of Milli-Q water was added to the tube. The lid was closed properly and was shaken for 5 min. After that, EC was measured using an EC meter (WTW LF 521; Germany). For organic carbon, 1.0 g of soil was placed at the bottom of a dry 500mL conical flask (Corning/Pyrex). Then 10 mL of 1N K₂Cr₂O₇ was added into the conical flask and swirled a little. The flask was kept on asbestos sheet. Then 20 mL of con- centrated H₂SO₄ was added into the conical flask and swirled again 2-3 times. The flask was allowed to stand for 30 minutes and thereafter 200 mL of distilled water was added. After incorporation of 5.0 mL of phosphoric acid and 35 drops of diphenylamine indicator, the contents were titrated against ferrous am- monium sulfate solution till the color flashes blue-violet to green. Simultaneously, a blank titration was run without soil. Particle size was determined using the hydrometer method. The textural classes for different soil samples were then determined by plotting the results on a triangular diagram designed by Mar- shall followed USDA system. The data were statistically analyzed using the statistical package, SPSS 20.0 (SPSS, USA). The means of the hazardous element concentrations in soils were calculated. Other calculations were performed by Microsoft Excel 2013.

Source of Information: Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 3(4): 317-336 (2018)

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: 10.26832/24566632.2018.030401

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The major findings of the study revealed that Cd concentrations in some sampling sites exceeded the Dutch standard and Canadian quality guidelines values, representing that the stud- ied soils were heavily polluted by Cd. The enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, contamination factor, pollution load index and toxic unit analysis values were found low for all metals except Cd. Toxic elements in different sampling sites showed moderate to very high degree of contamination. The severity of potential ecological risk factor for single metal (Eⁱ ), only Cd had very severe ecological risk for most of the sampling sites in the study area. Ingestion and dermal contact of the toxic elements in adult and children body in the study area have no probability to pose the non-cancer risk. But the concern is that long term exposure of these toxic elements can pose cancer both in child and adult population around the industrial vicinity of Tangail district in Bangladesh.

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