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Research Detail

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Palash Kanti Haldar
Concern Worldwide

Sajal Kumar Saha
BRAC, Dhaka

Md. Firoz Ahmed
Economic Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna

Shaikh Nazrul Islam
Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Crop production and livelihood practices in coastal communities of Bangladesh are seriously impacted by natural calamities, triggered by salinity intrusion, shrimp farming and drainage congestion.Thestudy was conducted in three villages of Koyra upazilla under Khulna district in 2014 which were affected severely by cyclone Aila on 25th May 2009. The study explores the potential factors, local practices and coping strategies the rice farming communities experienced during livelihood recovery process after cyclone Aila. The study also measures how their adopted practices contribute to the production of rice in coastal areas. Total 96 rice farmers were interviewed with snowball sampling technique and 3 Focus Groups Discussion (FGD) were conducted with 29 farmers in study areas. The study reveals that at least 12 hazards always disturb coastal farmer to cultivate rice of which five hazards have impacts ranging medium to high level. Result shows that rice farmers have experienced at least 16 different adaptation practices for rice cultivation which play potential roles at different scales. The study also represents that different factors of production have positively influence Aman rice production, use of fertilizer influence rice production significantly at 5% level of significance. Study also tested that production of rice on alleviated land (high land) is 22% higher that the beelland. Most importantly it has shown the statistically significance of production performance for adopting different adaptation practices that influence rice production at 5% level of significance. So for the rice production along with the use of different inputs, different adaptation options have to be strategically furnished as community based practices. Besides, the study also reveals the importance of Government and private sectors initiatives to support rice farming communities for higher production through proper planning and technical support.

  Adaptation, Coastal Bangladesh, Cyclone Aila, Production function, Rice farming, Salinity
  Koyra upazilla of Khulna district
  00-02-2014
  00-07-2014
  Risk Management in Agriculture
  Storm

The study was conducted to identify potential factors as resilience features helped the communities to come back to normal rice production process after big disaster. The study has identified local practices and coping strategies for rice cultivation in cyclone Aila affected coastal community. This study looked into those experiences that farming communities gained during the recovery process from cyclone ‘Aila’ effect. Secondly, the study measured how their adopted practices contribute to the production of rice in coastal areas. These factors and coping experiences as solution would be milestones for the researchers, development practitioners and policy makers.

The study was conducted in Koyra upazilla of Khulna district located in the south-west Bangladesh and close to Bay of Bengal surrounded by the Sundarban at the south. The study period was from February to July 2014. Koyra upazilla is located between 22055'N Latitude and 89015'E Longitude with an altitude of 3.0-3.5 m from MSL. These communities were seriously affected by cyclone Aila in 2009 and faced enormous suffering to come back to normal lives [42]. The communities had to struggle for a long time to revive rice based livelihoods. Three unions i.e., Koyra Sadar, North Betkashi and Moharajpur at Koyra upazilla of Khulna district were selected for the study considering its geo-physical characteristics i.e., location, physical characteristics and relative vulnerability. Out of three villages in two villages irrigation facility is not available due to underground salinity. These villages are dominated by single rice crop with a rotation of controlled shrimp farming in one village. Both primary and secondary data were collected following quantitative and qualitative method of data collection. Primary data was collected by household questionnaire survey and following focus group discussions (FGD). The questionnaire survey helped to get detail idea of farmer’s on two categories of variables. Purposive sampling technique was applied to select unions and villages. One village from each of three unions was selected purposively considering relative vulnerability and hazards. Total 96 households were identified taking 36 households from each village following snowball sampling method. Two types of farmers were considered i.e., those cultivate rice in alleviated (raised) land is called high land and those cultivate rice in the plain land of crop field here by it is called beelland. Out of total 96 HHs, 48 farmers were for high (alleviated) land & other 48 farmers were for beel (low land) land. SRDI (2001) defines high land normally do not flooded during monsoon season that is hereby called high land. Here the author considered medium high land as beelland which normally flooded up to 90 cm depth during monsoon for more than two weeks to few months. 3 FGDs were conducted in three studied villages in presence of average 8-10 community people to resolve the issues not been able to cover by household questionnaire survey. Secondary information was collected from published documents using internet search, published relevant papers, unpublished reports, journals and having communicated with Koyra Upazila UNO Office, Koyra Upazila Department of Agriculture Extension Office under the district of Khulna. Variables for Socio-economic Status, Hazard Impacts and Factors helped livelihood restoration and Copping Practices of Rice Farmer: To fulfill the first objectives different variables and indictors were considered. These variables were taken to determine household socio-economic status, farmer knowledge on hazards, impact of hazards on coastal rice production, potential factors contributed to rice cultivation and the household copping strategies the communities experienced from the cyclone Aila response. Variables for Rice Production and Main Factors of Production: These Variables were used to define main factor of production and to estimate rice production. In this study an empirical model i.e., Cobb-Douglas production function was used, because the function was widely used in agricultural study for its simplicity [6]. Furthermore, this function allows either constant, increasing or decreasing marginal productivity, or not all the three and even any two at the same time. The model specified is given below: Yi= β0X1β1X2β2X3β3X4β4X5β5X6β6 X7β7 X8β8D1β9D2β10μ Above mentioned model can be estimated by using Ordinary Least Square Model (OLS) method. The Cobb-Douglas production function was transferred into log-linear form as: In Yi= β0+ β1In (X1) + β2In (X2) + β3In (X3) + β4In (X4) + β5In (X5) + β6In (X6) + β7In (X7) + β8In (X8) +β9D1+β10D2+ μ Where,Yi = Production of Aman rice (In mounds), β0 =Intercept, X1 = Area of Rice Cultivation (Acre), X2 = Seed and Seedling Cost (tk.), X3 = Human Labor (Man hours), X4 = Tillage Cost (tk.), X5 = Use of Fertilizer (kg), X6 = Use of Pesticide (gm.), X7 = Knowledge and Skill (years), X8 = Adaptation Practices ( no. of adaptation options), D1 = Land Types (High land =1; Beelland =0), D2 = Rice Variety (HYV=1; Local =0), β1 –β10 = Elasticity of coefficients, μ = Error term.Data obtained was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Collected data was processed and written by using the computer program like MS Word, MS Excel, SPSS-20 and STATA. All socio-economic data was analyzed following descriptive statistics considering frequency, mean, median and using cross tabulation and ranking. Prioritization of potential factors was done based on its roles in helping rice farmers to come back to rice based livelihoods. Response scores were placed on a continuum (likert scale) as Very high, High, Medium, Less, Very Less and No response through assigned to responses are 5,4,3,2,1 and 0. Cross tabulation was done to assess knowledge level of farmers with adaptation practices. Household’s experiences to practices different copping strategies for rice farming were weighted by using likert-type scale. A correlation was drawn for adaptation options and for rice production. Un-paired t-test is done to estimate and compare production from high land and beell and. The report of this study was analyzed and written by following different analytical framework like likert scale, Cobb-Douglas production functions, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) analysis to find the share of inputs variables to rice production. Besides, the effect of different coping strategies and local practices on rice production was estimated by using linear regression.

  J. Sci. Technol. Environ. Inform. 04(02): 313-326 | Haldar et al. (2017)
  https://doi.org/10.18801/jstei.040217.34
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

Different natural hazards are common in coastal areas though other manmade hazards like saline water shrimp farming and blockage of drainage channel exacerbate the overall vulnerability of coastal community. Most of the rice farmers do not have enough idea on impact of hazards on their livelihoods. So, capacity building with awareness is required for risk and vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning. It also examined that after big disaster the communities need to wait for three to four years for coming back to rice cultivation. Different factors like repair and re-building of embankment, renovation of sluice gate and drainage network found so important to start rice farming. Local level planning and physical infrastructure developments found so important for the coastal people to come back to rice farming. Subsequently, appearance of sufficient rainfall helped to wash out soil salinity for creating scope for rice cultivation in high (alleviated) land. But the availability of underground irrigation water helped them very much for rice cultivation quite early and even within one year after the flood water is receded. Community led water level controlling facilities in rice land was very important practice for better utilization of rain water for rice cultivation. The cultivation of local rice varieties was very important to test and start rice cultivation in many part of Aila affected areas. There is need to conserve local salt tolerant rice varieties through government initiatives. Besides, cultivation of salt tolerant HYV of varieties and short duration rice cultivation helped enough to get good rice production. From the study it is also concluded that only main factors of production (input supply) cannot ensure rice production in coastal areas but also different physical setting, management system and local practices (adaptation) options should have to be made available for rice cultivation and increased production. Besides, there is a need to bridge local coping strategies with scientific practices through integration of technologies and ideas.

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