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Textile Dyeing Effluents and Environment Concerns - a Review

M. R. Islam
Institute of Environmental Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

M. G. Mostafa*
Institute of Environmental Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Textile dyeing effluent is considered as one of the most environmentally unfriendly industrial processes. The study aimed to review the different types of textile dyes use in the industrial processes and their contribution to environmental pollution in South Asian countries. The article was prepared to compile all present data from different journals and website on textile dyeing effluents characterization in South Asia. A wide variety of synthetic dyes like azo dye, vat, reactive dye, disperse dye, etc. widely used in the textile sector. The result showed that some physicochemical parameters of the dyeing effluents (COD, TDS and BOD) exceeded their standard limits. The industrial effluents are affecting the main devastation to the aquaculture, agriculture, ecology, environment, and public health since the development of textile dyeing industries in these countries. Now a day, its proper supervision and curative measures like removal system have become the furthermost thoughtful tasks all over the world and the developing and transition economies countries in particular. It is imperative to take immediate steps to reduce the environmental pollution due to discharge the untreated textile dye effluents.

Keywords: BOD5, COD, Industry, Pollution, TDS

Location: Institute of Environmental Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Efluent

Objectives:

The review article has been primed to gather the present status of textile dyeing effluent and its environmental concerns in South Asia and Bangladesh, in particular.

Methodology:

This study included the following topics and sub-topics:- Introduction, Status of textile industry in South Asia, Classification of dyes--i. Azo dyes, ii. Anthraquinone dyes, iii. Metal-complexes, iv. Direct dyes, v. Basic dyes, vi. Reactive dyes, vii. Sulfur dyes, viii. Vat dyes, Application of dyes, Toxicity of textile dyeing effluents, Characterization of textile dyeing effluents, Pollutants of textile dyeing effluents, Impact on water, Impact on soil, Impact on human health, Bangladesh perspective, Treatment of textile dyeing effluents, Major challenges, Conclusion.

Source of Information: J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 11(1&2):131-144, 2018 ISSN 1999-7361

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The textile and dyeing industry is one of the major industries in the world. It offers employment and plays a foremost responsibility in the economy of many countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. A wide variety of synthetic dyes like azo dye, vat, reactive dye, disperse dye, etc. widely used in the textile sector. The textile dyeing industries produce large amounts of effluents, dirt slurry and solid waste ingredients every day. A complex mixture of dangerous chemicals both organic and inorganic discharges into the aquatic bodies from all these industries. About 40,000 m3/day textile effluents and 26,000 Pollution load (BOD5 kg/day) are discharged by these industries in Bangladesh. The pollutants are dissolved solids (DS), suspended solids (SS), colored compounds, higher BOD5, COD, heavy metals, oily and slightly alkaline. Most of the parameters of the effluents exceed the limits of their standard set by different organizations. The higher values of COD, TDS, TSS, and EC indicate the stronger toxicity of the effluents. The dyeing industrial effluents cause of variation of the physical, chemical, and biological nature of aquatic atmosphere by the nonstop alteration in turbidity, odor, noise, temperature, pH, etc. The textile dyeing effluents are holding traces of metals, which are proficient of damaging the water, soil, and human health. The study found that the ecological balance of the rivers including Burigonga, Turag, and Shitalakkhya in Bangladesh are declined due to the discharging untreated effluents. The textile dyeing effluent severely affects crop production in the adjacent farming lands. The study observed that a few industries have an ETP, but the efficiency of the EPT has not enough to maintain the standard discharge limit. The study illustrated that the ETPs run using some common treatment methods including flocculation, coagulation, adsorption, ozonation, and advanced oxidation process. However, a single treatment unit cannot remove all the toxic organic and inorganic pollutants from the effluent and thus need to set a series of treatment units. The study observed that the toxic textile dyeing effluents are needed to treat before discharging into water bodies to reduce pollution.

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