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Research Detail

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MD. Kamrul Hasan
Senior Scientific Officer
Spices Research Centre, Shibgonj, Bogra

MD. Kamal Uddin
Chief Scientific Officer
Spices Research Centre, Shibgonj, Bogra

The study estimated the fluctuation of area, production, yield and price of chilli and determined production-price relationship of chilli in Bangladesh using secondary data (1985-2014) from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Data were analyzed using simplest method for fluctuation, and the Koyck model of distributed lag models. The results revealed that the extent of annual price fluctuation of chilli was between -55 to 111 percent, while the extent of fluctuation of area, production and yield ranged between -39 to 156, -27 to 161 and -17 to 55 percent respectively during the study period.  Production swing, climatic condition and lack of storage facilities were the main causes of unstable price of chilli in Bangladesh. For preventing price fluctuation, government price control, improvement of farming and other infrastructures, provision of loan and subsidies, improvement of IT service, improvement of production technology and proper storage system are urgently needed. Again, chilli production in Bangladesh has been influenced by the lag value of average price formed in the market. The most striking result of the study is that the time required for the changes in the chilli prices to have an effect on chilli production is 6.09 years. The value of coefficient indicated that the changes in lag values of the prices had a positive influence on production, this influence was getting smaller. To reduce the risk and uncertainty of the chilli price, sustainable chilli farming and establishment of an efficient marketing organization is a necessity.

  Production, Yield, Chilli, Koyck model
  Bogra, Serajgong and Gaibandha & Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and Department of Agricultural Marketing
  00-00-1985
  00-00-2014
  Socio-economic and Policy
  Chilli

1. To study the fluctuation of price, area, production and yield of chilli; and

2. To determine the relationship between the prices and production amount of chilli in Bangladesh.

Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Secondary data were collected from several issues of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and Department of Agricultural Marketing (DAM). For the collection of primary data, three districts namely Bogra, Serajgong and Gaibandha were selected purposively depending upon the concentration of production and commercially marketing of winter chilli. The study was considered for the time period of 1985 to 2014 for time series analysis. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to pick a primary sample. A total of 92 farmers and traders were selected randomly from the three areas. Primary data were collected by face-to-face interview through pretested structured interview schedules. The collected data and information were reduced to tabular form which included classification of tables into meaningful results. Except this the following analytical techniques were used for the study. Yt = α + β0Xt + β1Xt-1 + β2Xt-2 +…+ βkXt-k + ut .......................(2)  Where, Yt is chilli production in period t, Xt is chilli price in period t and Xt-1 is chilli production in one period earlier than t. In a distributed lag model, Schwarz information criterion (SIC) was used to determine the lag length Dikmen, 2005). Schwarz proposes reduction  to the lowest: SIC = ln σ2 + m ln n...................(3) Here, σ2 is the highest probability estimate of σ2 = (RSS/n), m is length of the lag, n is the number of observations and RSS is the residual sum of square. In summary, a regression model is used along with some lag values (=m), and m value that makes the value of Schwarz criterion the lowest is selected (Gujarati, 2005). At this stage, without making any limitation to the form of the distributed lag, a very large k value length of the lag is used at the start. Then, when the duration of lag is shortened, whether the model goes wrong is checked (Davidson and Mackinnon, 1993). Yt = α (1- λ) + β0Xt + λYt-1 + vt .........................(4) Theoretical framework: Distributed lag models has a special place in literature of economics in that they can allow the analyzing the behaviors of economical units (consumer, producers, etc.) based on appropriate dynamic models. Studied and used for the first time by Irving Fisher (Isyar, 1999), distributed lag models takes into account not only the present year value but also the previous year values of defining variable. If how far back will be gone for defining variable is not described, this is called an “infinite lag model” and shown as follows: Yt = α + β0 Xt + β1 Xt-1 + β 2 Xt-2 + …+ ut  ............(5) On the other hand, if the number of years to go back is defined as k for defining variable, it is called “finite distributed lag model” and has been defined as: Yt = α + β0Xt + β1Xt-1 + β2Xt-2 +…+ βkXt-k + ut .................(6) In this model, dependent variable Y (Yt … Yt-k) is not only influenced by the present day value (Xt) but also by the past values (Xt-1 ……. Xt-k) of defining variable. Most often, Y responds to X after some time, and the time to respond is called “lag period” (Dikmen, 2005). Unknown parameters in distributed lag models (α, α0, …, α k) can be estimated using the classical least squares method (Alt, 1942; Tinbergen, 1949). Model-specific estimates in distributed lag models have certain drawbacks (Gujarati, 2005). One of them is the lack of a pre-information in the model about how long the lag period will be. Another is that when a data set that can estimate the lag period is not set up, degree of freedom is increasingly decreased in statistical significance tests of parameters. Yet another, but the most significant, drawback is that variables decided as defining variables are in a multiple linear relationships. In order to overcome the above mentioned drawbacks, a method was developed by, and named after Koyck (1954). Leendert Marinus Koyck (1918- 1962) was a Dutch economist who studied and worked at the Netherlands School of Economics, which is now called the Erasmus University Rotterdam (Franses and Oest, 2004). Based on the assumption that lags in independent variable affect the dependent variable to some extent and the weight of these lags decrease geometrically, model is reduced and thus made to estimate the regression equation (Dikmen, 2005). In order to obtain the reduced model, Koyck assumed that in an infinitely distributed lag model all β’s had the same signs and geometrically decrease as shown below: βk = β0 λk                  k = 0,1,......   (7) In the Koyck model, a sensible range for λ would be the interval 0;1). One possibility, involving the entire distribution over λ would be to consider the class of “sup test statistics”, which corresponds to the highest value of the original test statistic within the range for α. This approach is advocated by Davies (1987); see also Hansen (1996) and Carrasco (2002). βk  is the lag coefficient. Lag coefficient βk varies by λ as well as by β0. The closer λ to 1, the less the decrease in βk. On the other hand, the closer λ to zero, the greater the decrease in βk  (Gujarati, 2005). In other words, λ values close to 1 mean that values of defining variables in remote past have a significant effect on dependent variable, and λ values close to zero mean that values of the defining variable in the remote past rapidly lose their effects of dependent variable. Mean lag number is the weighted average of all lags and is calculated for Koyck model as shown in Equation (4). Mean lag number shows the time period necessary for a one unit change in X defining variable to have a detectable effect on dependent variable Y (Dikmen, 2005). In view of these explanations, infinite lag model is formed using OLS method as shown in Equation (8). Yt = α + β0Xt + β0λXt-1 + β0λ2Xt-2 + ….+ ut ............(9) Linear regression solution cannot be applied to regression Equation (8) since it has infinite lag and λ coefficients are not linear. In order to solve this problem, the model has been taken one period back and the following regression model has been developed: Yt-1 = α + β0Xt-1 + β0λXt-2 + β0λ2Xt-3 + ….+ ut-1 ....................(10) When the equation (9) is multiplied by λ, the Equation (10) is obtained; λYt-1 = λa + λβ0Xt-1 + λ2β0Xt-2 + λ3β0Xt-3 +...+ λut-1.................... (11) When the Equation (10), whose lag is taken one period back, is subtracted from Equation (8), whose lag is infinite, the following Equation is reached: Yt - λYt-1 = α (1- λ ) + β0Xt + (ut - ut-1 ) ..............(12) If the Equation (12) is reorganized, Equation (13) is obtained; Yt = α (1- λ) + β0Xt + λYt-1 + vt .................(13) In Equation (13) vt = ( ut - λut-1 ) and, it is the moving average mean of ut and ut-1. The procedure explained above is known as Koyck transformation. Equation (13) is described as Koyck model. In Koyck model, variables that consist of lag values of defining variables are not defined. Thus, multiple relationship problems are in a sense solved. On the other hand, while in infinitely distributed lag model it is necessary to predict infinite number of β using α, in Koyck model distributed lag model can be resolved only through estimating α, β0 and λ.

  Economic Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute-Report: 2016
  
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

The results of the study depicted that a remarkable extent of price, production and area fluctuation was occurred in chilli. The reasons of unstable price of chilli were production swing, climatic condition, lack of storage facilities, seasonal production, poor infrastructures, government regulation, lack of market information, lack of holding capacity of farmers, nature of products, and fluctuations of currency exchange rate. The relationship between amount of chilli production and price of chilli, all under domestic market economy conditions, were studied. There was a positive correlation of 70% between amount produced and the price. This coefficient showed that Koyck model was appropriate for studying the relationship between production amount and price of chilli crop. For the estimation of unknown parameters in the model, lag length determined using Schwarz criterion was calculated as one. This means that chilli production is influenced by the prices of up to past one year in Bangladesh. According to Koyck model, the time required for the changes in chilli prices to have a significant and detectable effect on chilli production was calculated as 6.09 years. For the studied period, one-unit increase in chilli prices increased the chilli production by 0.0140 tons in that year; while a one-unit increase in the previous year increased the production by 0.0120 tons. In addition, a one-unit increase in the prices of two years ago increased chilli production by 0.0103 tons. On the other hand, a one-unit price increase three years ago increased the production by 0.0089 tons Thus, it can be said that each additional lag value results in a smaller effect on chilli production.

  Report/Proceedings
  


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