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Biochemical and Pathological Effects of Palm, Mustard and Soybean Oils in Rats

M. S. Hoque
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

M. E. Kabir
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

M. M. Hasan
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

M. T. Rahman
Department of Para-clinical courses, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Gono Bishwabidyalay (Gono University), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

M. Rashid
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

T. Ruba
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

M. H. Rahman
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

A. B. M. J. Uddin
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

M. M. Hossain
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The investigation was conducted to determine the effects of different edible oils in experimental animals. A total of 36 male Long Evans rats of one month age were randomly divided into four equal groups. Rats of Group A were kept as control by feeding rat pellet. Rats of Group B, C and D were fed rat pellet by mixing of palm, mustard and soybean oils respectively, at the dose of 15 % in feed for 6 months. The methods included determination of weight gains, lipid profiles and histopathological lesions in different organs: aorta, liver, heart and kidneys at 0 day, 3 months and 6 months interval. All experimental rats exhibited progressive weight gain during the research period and soybean oil treated group showed the highest significant (P<0.01) body weight gain (153 %) but mustard oil resulted significant (P<0.05) increased liver weight (4.557g) after 6 months. Soybean oil showed significant (P<0.01) increased total cholesterol (204.25 mg/dl), HDL (53.15 mg/dl) and LDL (113.06 mg/dl) than other groups. Triglyceride levels of all oil treated groups were significantly (P<0.05) lower than control group. Histopathology revealed that palm oil fed group had fatty liver, narrowed blood vessel and thickened aorta of heart. Soybean oil fed group also showed narrowed blood vessels but mustard oil fed group showed no noticeable change in the mentioned vital organs. After the investigation, mustard oil proved comparatively better than palm and soybean oil.

Keywords: Edible oil, Body weight, Lipid profile, Histopathology, Rats

Location: The Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-02-2016

End Date: 00-08-2016

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Vertebrate, Oilseeds

Objectives:

To study the effect of selected edible oils (palm, mustard and soybean oils) in body and organs weight gain, changing on lipid profiles and examine the pathological changes of vital organs in rat at different time intervals.

Methodology:

The experiment was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during the time of February to August 2016. The following procedures were adopted for conducting the experiment. Statement of Animal Ethics: In this study no animals were suffered from hazards for the experiment and had followed ethical guide for care and use of laboratory animals. The procedure of the experiment was approved by the Animal Welfare and Ethical Committee on Laboratory Animal Use of the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Experimental rats and diets: A total number of 36 one month aged Long Evans rats were purchased from International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR’B). The rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (A, B, C & D. 9 rats in each group). All groups of rats were housed in compartmented metallic cages. The rat cages were kept in well ventilated room with natural day and light. Temperature (28±2°C) and humidity (70-80 %) of laboratory were always kept under care. Initially, rats were fed with ordinary rat pellet for 7 days to adjust into new environment. The feeds were purchased from ICDDR’B, Dhaka and the test oils (soybean, palm, and mustard oil) were purchased from local market of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Among four groups, A group was kept as control by feeding normal rat pellet and other three groups (B, C & D) were fed rat pellet by mixing palm, mustard and soybean oils respectively, at the dose of 15 % (Gaiva et al., 2003). The experiment was continued for 6 months. Body weight, organ weight and histopathology samples (heart, liver, kidney and aorta) of each rat from all groups were taken at 0 day of experiment, 3 months and 6 months. Blood was collected for lipid profile analysis at 0 day of experiment, 3 months and 6 months. Proper hygienic and sanitary measures were also adopted during the experimental period and had followed ethical guide for care and use of laboratory animals. Weight gain: Initial body and organ weight of each rat was measured with the help of an electric balance. Body and organ weight was taken at 0 day, 3 months and 6 months age. Weight gains (g) = Mean final weight (g) − Mean initial weight (g) Percent weight gain (g) = [Mean final weight (g)-Mean initial weight (g)] / (Mean initial weight) ×100. Biochemical studies- Collection of blood and serum preparation: For biochemical study, the experimental rats were starved overnight at 0 day, 3 months and 6 months of age. Anesthesia was done with chloroform using self-made gas chamber and 2-3 ml of blood was collected in the sterile glass test tubes directly from heart after opening. The blood containing tubes were placed in slanting position at room temperature for 6 hours. The tubes were then incubated overnight in the refrigerator (4° C). The serum samples were separated and centrifuged to get rid of unwanted blood cells where necessary. Serum samples were stored for biochemical analysis of lipid profiles. Analysis of Lipid Profiles: The biochemical parameters of lipid profile like total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), serum cholesterol HDL (high density lipoprotein) and serum cholesterol LDL (low density lipoprotein) were determined in the central lab of BAU using different kits (Crescent diagnostics, cat no. Cs. 603 and Atlas medical) and where LDL level was measured by the Friedwald equation (Friedwald et al., 1972) as follow: LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) = Total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - (Triglyceride/5) Histopathology: The liver, kidney, heart and aorta from each group of rats were collected in 10 % neutral buffered formalin for 15 days. The well fixed tissues were processed, sectioned and stained as per standard procedure (Luna, 1968) in Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Statistical analysis:The body weight gains of the experimental rats of different groups were computed by performing analysis of covariance in randomized complete block design (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). The mean organ weights of the different groups were compared with the control by Dunnett’s test procedure (Steel and Torrie, 1980).

Source of Information: Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2018). 16(1): 107–114 ISSN: 1729-7893 (Print), 2308-0922 (Online)

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Achievement/Findings:

This study was conducted on Long Evans rats to observe the effects of supplementing diets with marked edible oils soybean, palm and mustard oil on growth, lipid profile and histopathological changes in some selected organs for a period of 6 months. Body and organ weights were recorded at 0 day, 3 months and 6 months of age. Lipid profile and histopathological investigation were carried out at same age respectively after sacrificing the rats. Body weight: All the edible oil treated rat groups had significantly (P<0.01) increased body weight gain than control group. After 3 months, control group weight gain percentage was 51, whereas in palm, mustard and soybean weight gain percentages were 102, 104.44 and 103.78 respectively. The highest weight gain occurred in soybean oil fed treated rat group (153 %) after 6 months of age, less than in palm (131.63 %), mustard (109 %) and control group (51 %). there was significant (P<0.05) difference in body weight gain among the edible oil treatment groups. The observed findings supported by the experimental studies where edible oil especially soybean was effective in increasing body weight gain (Rashid et al., 1998; Barek, 2002; Gaiva et al., 2003; Rahman et al., 2012) in different animals. Organ weight: The proportional organ weight percentage is shown in relation with the body weight of the rats of different treatment groups at day 0, 3 months and 6 months in Table 3. The study findings revealed that edible oil treatment had impact on organ weight gain in rats. From Dunnett’s test, heart weight showed no statistically significant difference in edible oil treated groups compared to control group in both at 3 months and 6 months of age. Mustard oil had significant (P<0.05) impact on increasing liver (4.557g) weight where palm oil significantly (P<0.05) reduced the liver weight (2.846g) than control group (3.497g) after at the age of 6 months. In kidney, palm and mustard oil significantly (P<0.05) reduced the kidney weight from their initial value, but soybean oil treated group significantly (P<0.05) increased the weight at 3 months of age and found significant (P<0.05) reduced weight at 6 months of age. Saha et al. (2005) reported that higher liver weight gain in mustard oil fed group than palm and soybean, where this study had similar findings compared with control and other groups. Palm oil caused reduction of kidney weight in rat, this result also corroborated by Jaarin et al. (2015). From the present experiment it could be concluded that edible oils have effect on growth performance and lipid profiles in rat. After the investigation, on the basis of TC, HDL, LDL level and histopathology, it is clear that mustard oil had less harmful effect on body than the other oils although it was observed that the results of 3 months age were quite different than the result of 6 months of age. There may have age relation or something else that caused this variation. However, it is a preliminary work and in future this would require further study for better explanation in this regard.

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