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Production of Biodiesel from Neem Seed Oil

S. K. Banik*
Institute of Fuel Research and Development , Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat-i- Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

M. A. Rouf
Institute of Fuel Research and Development , Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat-i- Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

T. Rabeya
Institute of Fuel Research and Development , Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat-i- Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

M. Khanam
Institute of Fuel Research and Development , Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat-i- Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

S. I. Sajal
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangldesh

S. B. Sabur
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangldesh

M. R. Islam
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangldesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Neem oil was extracted from neem seeds by mechanical extraction method. Yield of oil was 21.32%. The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil were studied in detail. The oil corresponds to diesel except acid value (14.21%) and sulphur content. Acid esterification was performed to reduce the acid value which was followed by transesterification to produce biodiesel. The conditions of the transesterification of the oil were optimized and were found to be 20% methanol and 1.0% NaOH at 60 ⁰C for 90 min. The optimum yield of biodiesel was 98 %. Finally, the performance study in a diesel engine was conducted with diesel and biodiesel blends. The brake thermal efficiency for 5% blend of biodiesel was 16.67% for brake power of 0.79 KW.

Keywords: Neem oil; Transestriﬁcation; Biodiesel; Thermal efﬁciency; Brake power

Location: Institute of Fuel Research and Development , Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat-i- Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Resource Development and Management

Commodity: Neem

Objectives:

The present investigation includes: preparation of biodiesel from neem seed oil, optimization of different parameters for maximum biodiesel production, determination of properties of neem seed oil and prepared biodiesel, comparison of the fuel properties of conventional diesel with prepared biodiesel and performance study of the biodiesel in diesel engine.

Methodology:

Oil extraction from Neem seeds To prepare the seeds for oil extraction, seeds were heated in full sunlight on a black plastic sheet for several hours. The seeds were heated, but not burnt. This process breaks down the cells that contain the oil, allowing the oil to low out more easily. The heat also liquefies the oil, which improves the extraction process. Oil is then extracted by mechanical extraction method. Conversion of oil from seed is 21.20%. After extraction, fuel properties of crude neem seed oil were determined. Production of biodiesel The acid value of the reaction mixture was determined by a standard acid base titration method using a standard solution of 1.0 M KOH solution. Prior to transesterification, acid esterification of the oil was required to reduce the free fatty acid (14.32%). The methanol and catalyst (conc. H₂SO₄) mixture was then charged into a two-necked closed reaction vessel and the raw oil was added. The reaction time and temperature was 1 hr and 60 ⁰C respectively. The optimum condition for reducing the free fatty acid of neem oil below 2% (1.6%) was obtained by 0.58:1 methanol to oil ratio, 0.75% v/v sulphuric acid to oil volume. After acid esterification, trans esterification was done with NaOH catalyst in a two -neck round bottom flask equipped with condenser and magnetic stirrer. The reaction time was varied from 1 hr to 2 hrs and temperature was around 60 ⁰ C. After completion of trans esterification, methyl ester was separated from mixture of methyl ester and glycerin. The mixture was taken in a separating funnel and left for 16 hours. The mixture was separated in two layers, biodiesel as the top layer and glycerin as bottom layer. Glycerin layer was withdrawn and required product was obtained. Washing of biodiesel was necessary to remove the soluble components. Hot water was sprayed on top of biodiesel. Then it was allowed to settle down. The product was dried using a vacuum evaporator at 80 ⁰C and pressure was 180 atm. After drying the pure product became clear. Characterization of crude neem oil and produced biodiesel All the parameters for fuel properties were estimated by standard methods such as density at 15 ⁰C by IP 131/57 method, colour index by ASTM and DIN 51900 method, kinematic viscosity by viscometer 73/53 method, pour point by ASTM D 97-57, IP 15/55 method, flash point by ASTM D 93-62 method, sulphur content by IP 61/59 method, water content by IP 74/57 method, carbon residue by ASTM D 189-65 method, ash content by IP 4/58 method, acid value by IP 1/58 method, caloric value by bomb calorimeter IP 12/58, cetane number by ASTM-D 613-86, pre point by IP 35/42 and cloud point by ASTM-D 2500 methods.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 53(3), 211-218, 2018

Article Link (Online Journal): Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 53(3), 211-218, 2018

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Biodiesel can be extracted from neem seed oil. The optimum condition has been 20 % methanol and 1.0% NaOH catalyst with reaction temperature and time is 60 ⁰ C and 90 min respectively. The physicochemical properties of the neem biodiesel are similar to standard biodiesel. Neem biodiesel blends have been tested in a single cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine. Brake thermal efficiency and BSFC of NME are comparable to DF. The higher brake thermal efficiency is 20.38% for 5 % blend of neem methyl ester. The results reveal the possibility of neem seed oil as a potential source of biodiesel. As Bangladesh does not have petroleum resources, renewable fuel of this kind may be very helpful to solve our present fuel oil crisis.

Knowledge Management: Journal