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Assessment of Heavy Metals in River Water, Sediment and Fish Mussel in Rupsha River Under Khulna District, Bangladesh

W. SABBIR
Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh.

M.Z. RAHMAN
Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh.

M.M. HASAN
Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh.

M.N. KHAN
Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh.

S. RAY
Centre for Integrated Studies on the Sundarbans, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present study was undertaken to determine heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment and muscles of certain freshwater fish and crustacean species of Rupsha River in Khulna region, the south western part of Bangladesh. Heavy metals concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Heavy metals, those were measured from the river water, sediment and fish body were Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd) and Led (Pb). The concentrations of heavy metals were determined in six fish species namely Peneaus monodon, Gudusia chapra, Channa punctatus, Macrognathus aculeatus, Glossogobius giuris and Mystus gulio. Fish samples as well as heavy metal concentration of water and sediment were measured in six different sampling stations for three months during the year of 2016. The highest heavy metal concentration in water and sediment were observed near Khulna Ship Yard due to ship breaking activities and direct toxic chemical disposal in river water. The highest heavy metal concentration in fish among six species was found in giant tiger shrimp, Peneaus monodon (Cr: 62.81±2.55; Cd: 9.44±0.35 and Pb: 150±4.75 µg kg^-1 respectively). Arsenic (As) was found in only sediment samples but Hg was not found at any station. The study further revealed that the concentrations of heavy metals in water, sediment and fish of the Rupsha River were within the permissible limit.

Keywords: Toxicity, Permissible limit, Arsenic, Mercury, Chromium, Cadmium

Location: Rupsha River namely Kalibari Ghat, Jailkhana Ghat, Custom Ghat, Khulna Ship yard, Rupsha Ghat and Rupsh bridge

Start Date: 00-06-2016

End Date: 00-08-2016

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Heavy metal

Objectives:

To assess the abundance of some heavy metals i.e. Led (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Mercury (Hg) and Arsenic (As) in water, sediment and fish body of the Rupsha River to estimate the status metal pollution.

Methodology:

The water, sediment and fish samples were collected from six stations of Rupsha River namely Kalibari Ghat, Jailkhana Ghat, Custom Ghat, Khulna Ship yard, Rupsha Ghat and Rupsh bridge. The distance among the sampling points were approximately 1 km. Samples were collected for three months from June, 2016 to August, 2016 at ten days interval. Sediments and water sample were collected from six samplings points of the Rupsha River. The water samples were collected from 0.5 m below the water surface. The upper 10 cm of the bottom layer sediment samples were taken with Ekman grab. Each sediment core was packed separately in acid soaked clean polyethylene packets and brought to the Quality Control Laboratory of Department of Fisheries (DoF), Boyra, Khulna for analysis. In the laboratory the sediment samples were dried at 105^o C to constant weight, ground and the fraction passing a BS20 sieve was stored in clean acid-soaked polyethylene packets at 20^o C. Fish species samples were collected from fishermen at sampling sites of the Rupsha River during sampling period. Six fish species were collected from the Rupsha River namely Peneaus monodon (Bagda), Channa punctatus (Taki), Gudusia chapra (Chapila), Macrognathus aculeatus (Tara baim), Mystus gulio (Nona Tengra) and Glossogobius giuris (Bele). Consistently experiment was done with three replications. All the matrixes were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg and As by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model ZEEnit 700P # 150Z7P0110, Analytikjena, Germany) using Graphite Furnace for Pb, Cd and Cr, Hydride Generator system for As and Cold Vapor Hydride Generator system for Hg. About 250 ml of the acidified composites were taken into a 300 ml beaker where 2 ml of the concentrated HNO₃ were added. For mercury and arsenic analysis 1 ml of H₂O₂ added and heated for 30 minutes. The samples were filtered and then transferred to a 100 ml volumetric flask. Further dilution were made as per required for metal analysis by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). Around two gm of sample was taken in 100 ml beaker and placed on hot plate. 15 ml concentrated HNO₃ were added and the samples were heated at 120⁰ C for 1 hour. 5 ml of HCl was added and heated at 120⁰ C for 1 hour. Then 5 ml of HClO₄ was added and heated until 1-2 ml remains. For mercury and arsenic analysis 1 ml of H₂O₂ added and heated for 30 minutes and made volume with DI (De-ionized water) in 100 ml volumetric flask. Approximately two gm of sample was taken in 100 ml beaker and placed into Muffle Furnace for overnight at 450⁰C to create ash. 5ml of 6M HCl and 0.1M HNO₃ were added and the sample was heated at 120⁰ C in hot plate. For mercury and arsenic analysis 1 ml of H₂O₂ added and heated for more 30 minutes and made the final volume with DI in 100 ml volumetric flask. Finally the samples were examined with AAS for metal estimation. For both Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) analysis in water, sediment and fish mussel the following steps were followed. Step 1: 12.5-ml digested sample aliquots, 1.5 ml HCl were dispensed into 50 ml volumetric flask. Then 1 ml of ascorbic acid and KI mixture was added and final volume was made to 50 ml. Consequently, it took 2 hour to complete the reduction reaction of As. Step 2: 5 ml prepared sample aliquots were dispensed into reaction vessel and readings were recorded.Step 1: 25-ml digested sample aliquots, 1.5 ml HNO₃ were dispensed into 50 ml volumetric flask. Then 0.5 ml of 1% K₂Cr₂O₇ was added and final volume was made to 50 ml. Step 2: 5-ml prepared sample aliquots were dispensed into reaction vessel and readings were recorded. All the matrixes were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg and As by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model ZEEnit 700P # 150Z7P0110, Analytikjena, Germany) using GFAAS and Hydride Generator system. All the methods were in-house validated following EC657/2002. The instrument calibration standards were made by diluting standard (1000 ppm) supplied by Sigma Aldrich, Germany. The results were expressed as µg kg^-1 for fish and sediment. But for water sample results were expressed in mg l^-1. The analytical procedure was checked using certified reference material DORM- 4 Fish protein for heavy metals. The standard deviations of the means observed for the certified materials were between 0.65–8% and the percentage recovery was between 89–99%. The results indicated a good agreement between the certified and observed values. The data were statistically analyzed by the statistical package, SPSS 16.0 (SPSS, USA). The means and standard deviations of the heavy metal concentrations in water, fish and sediments were calculated by Microsoft Office Excel 2007.

Source of Information: Int. J. Expt. Agric. 8(1):1-5 (March 2018)

Article Link (Online Journal): http://ggfjournals.com/e-journals archive

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In the present study concentrations of As, Hg, Cr, Cd and Pb were found lower than the safe values in water, sediment and fish body of the Rupsha River. But the direct discharges of Industrial effluents, sewage and municipal wastes without treatment as well as agricultural and urban runoff polluted the Rupsha River by heavy metals and might create an adverse effect on this riverine ecosystem in coming decades. Water and sediments from Khulna Ship Yard had greater concentrations of all studied metals than others stations due to ship breaking activities and release of toxic chemicals directly to the river. Actually Ship Yard is the only station that breaks the ship in the south western part of Bangladesh. Giant Tiger Shrimp (Bagda) had higher heavy metal content than other species available in the Rupsha River. The values for heavy metals indicate increasing trend of bioaccumulation and fish consumption may cause many health problems and diseases to human if the current trend of bioaccumulation continues without taking stern measures against heavy pollution. However, further research is necessary to make a pathway to reduce the metal pollution level of the Rupsha River.

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