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Deterioration of Soil and Water Quality by Practicing Shrimp Culture in Satkhira, Bangladesh

A.H.M. Shamim
School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur

M.A. Sobahan
School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur

B. Saha
Scientific Officer
Bangladesh Council of Science and Industrial Research, Dhaka

B.K. Sarkar
Department of Botany, Jagannath University, Dhaka

M.S.U. Tabrig
Training and Development Division, DBL Group, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Successful agriculture depends on healthy soil and water. The present study based on laboratory analysis for soil and water quality like particle size analysis, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, heavy metal test, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results reveal that pH and EC level of both soil and water of shrimp gher are increasing (8.2 and 18.72 respectively). Moreover, turbidity and DO of soil and water has been found in a very fragile condition. Except TDS and temperature other physico-chemical parameters of shrimp gher water were not suitable for shrimp cultivation and the nutrient (ammonia and phosphate) concentrations were higher than the optimum limit. Different types of heavy and toxic metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Fe, Cu and Mn have been detected in gher soils. The present research suggesting that an immediate step is essential to stop the further degradation of soil and water quality in shrimp gher.

Keywords: Soil and Water quality, Shrimp, Gher

Location: Shyamnagar, Satkhira district

Start Date: 00-00-2010

End Date: 00-00-2011

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Water quality, Shrimp, Soil quality

Objectives:

To identify various negative impacts of shrimp farming on the local environment particularly on soil and water quality change.

Methodology:

The study area, Shyamnagar is the largest Upazila in Satkhira district in terms of area and second largest in terms of population. The Upazila located between 22º36´ and 22º24´ north latitudes and between 89º00´ and 89º19´ east longitudes. The distance of this place from the divisional headquarters Khulna is about 120 km and from capital city Dhaka about 400 km. It is situated adjacent to the world heritage Sundarban. Main rivers are Ray Manngal, Kalindi, Kobadak, Mother kholpetua, Arpangachia, Malancha Hariabhanga and Chuna. Soil and water samples were collected from different 5 shrimp gher at Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira District during May 2011 to assess physico-chemical parameters, nutrients and metal contents. Soil and water samples were collected from selected shrimp gher (gher-1: Horinagar, gher-2: Kadamtala, gher-3: Nildumur, gher-4: Burigoalini and gher-5: Chandipur) at Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira District. Three samples were collected from different locations of same shrimp gher and mixed together to represent the particular gher. Soil samples from each study site were collected into pre- cleaned polythene bag and water samples were collected in 1000 ml plastic bottles. All samples were transported to the laboratory as early as possible. Collected samples were analyzed in laboratory for particle size, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Nicle (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), ammonia-N and phosphate. After treatment with 1M CH₃COONH₄ (pH 5.0) and with 30% H₂O₂ to remove free salts and organic matter, respectively, particle size distribution was determined by the pipette method (Day 1965). The hydrogen ion concentration (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Salinity were measured using multimeter analyzer (Sense Ion 156, HACH, USA); dissolved oxygen (DO) was measured using DO meter (HQ 30D, HACH, USA). Turbidity was determined by 2100Q Portable Turbidimeter (Hach, USA). Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Nicle (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-7000, Shimadzu, Japan). Ammonia-N was determined using Nesslerization method described in standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (APHA 1975) and phosphate was measured using the vanadomolybdophosphoric yellow color method in nitric acid system.

Source of Information: J. Soil Nature 8(3):7-13 (November 2015)

Article Link (Online Journal): http://ggfjournals.com/e-journals archive

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Results show that except dissolved oxygen (DO: 7.0 to 7.2 mg L^-1) and temperature (30 to 32⁰C) other physico- chemical parameters of shrimp gher water were not suitable for shrimp cultivation. The nutrient like ammonia (0.40 to 0.75 mg L^-1) and phosphate (0.15 to 0.40) concentrations were higher than the optimum limit (0.1 mg L^{- 1} for ammonia and 0.005 to 0.2 mg L^-1 for phosphate). Soils act as a sink for metals because concentration of metal in soil was much higher than the concentration in water. The present research reveals that an immediate step is essential to stop the further degradation of soil and water quality in gher farms. Saline water being destructive to local fresh water sources, the level of salinity has to be maintained in gher water for better production and environmental sustainability. Proper drainage system needs to be introduced to maintain water quality and discharge effluents from gher. Saline tolerant rice and other crops may be introduced in shrimp cultivated area. Sustainable shrimp cultivation should be maintained to ensure social, economic and ecological stability. Above all, more research initiatives have to be conducted in order to identify better solutions of environmental issues induced by shrimp cultivation.

Knowledge Management: Journal