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Yield Performance and Blast Susceptibility of Some Wheat (triticum Aestivum) Varieties in Jashore

R Islam
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Jashore, Bangladesh

Abdullah al Mamun
Department of Agricultural Extension, Tala, Sathkhira, Bangladesh

M Jahangir Alam
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Jashore, Bangladesh

M B Anwar
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Jashore, Bangladesh

M A Hakim
Wheat Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Nashipur, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

A trial was conducted during 2015-16 to 2017-18 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS) of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Jashore to select some tolerant varieties against wheat blast. Fourteen varieties including eight old varieties (Sonalika, Kanchan, Sourav, Gourab, Shatabdi, Sufi, Bijoy, Prodip) and six newly released varieties (BARI Gom 25, BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 27, BARI Gom 28, BARI Gom 29 and BARI Gom 30) were evaluated. The experiments were non-replicated and were planted in two sowing dates, at optimum (mid November) and late (mid December) conditions. Three irrigation were applied, at crown root initiation (CRI), heading and grain filling stages. Plants of border rows were inoculated by Magnaporthe oryzae triticum (MoT) spores (10⁴ conidia ml^-1) for infection once per week from three weeks after sowing until primary infection was observed. The significantly higher grain yield was observed in 2016-17 (3505 kg ha^-1) which was similar to 2017-18 (3448 kg ha^-1) and the lowest was in 2015-16 (1680 kg ha^-1). The higher grain yield was obtained due to the higher grains spike^-1 (45 no.) and 1000 grain weight (36.6 g) and lower blast disease incidence (% blast index 18.1%). In all three years, there was heavy infection of wheat blast in late sowing condition (% blast index 40.7) compared to the optimum sowing condition (% blast index 1.4), resulting in very poor crop yield (1696 kg ha^-1). Among the varieties, the variety Gourab produced the highest yield (3395 kg ha^-1) which was similar to the newly released variety BARI Gom 28 (3196 kg ha^-1) and BARI Gom 30 (3134 kg ha^-1). In case of blast disease severity, old varieties were less infested with some exception in Sonalika and Kanchan. On the other hand, BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 26 were more susceptible (% blast index 35.3-36.5) to wheat blast compared to BARI Gom 28 and BARI Gom 30 (% blast index 20.2-22.5).

Keywords: Wheat, Blast, Temperature, Tolerance, Susceptibility

Location: Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS) of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Jashore

Start Date: 00-00-2015

End Date: 00-00-2018

Program Area: Variety and Species

Commodity: Wheat, Diseases

Objectives:

To find out blast resistant wheat varieties among the old and newly released varieties in Bangladesh.

Methodology:

The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Regional Agricultural Research Station of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute at Jashore (23°11´ N, 89°14´ E and 16 m ASL) during 2015-2018, in rabi seasons. The climate was subtropical monsoon with average annual rainfall of 1590 mm, 90% of which falls from June to October (Alam et al., 2017). Monthly mean rainfall was lower in November to March (about 20 mm rainfall occurred both in the later two years (2016-17 and 2017-18), whereas it was higher (57 mm) in the first year (2015-16), especially more rainfall (42 mm) in the maturity stage. Monthly mean maximum temperature ranges from 24^oC in December (2015-16) to 32^oC in March of 2016-17. The soil was a calcareous brown clay loam of the High Ganges River Floodplain (BARC, 2012). Bulk density was 1.4- 1.5 g cm^-3 throughout the profile, apart from a slightly denser layer at 20-25 cm. The topsoil (0- 15 cm) was slightly alkaline (pH 7.7) and had low soil organic C (1%) content (Alam et al., 2017; 2018). The experiment was carried out with non- replications in field conditions. Eight old varieties (Sonalika, Kanchan, Sourav, Gourab, Shatabdi, Sufi, Bijoy and Prodip) and six newly released varieties (BARI Gom 25, BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 27, BARI Gom 28, BARI Gom 29 and BARI Gom 30) were used in the on station trial. A pre-sowing irrigation (50 mm) was applied about a week before sowing seeds. The experiments were earmarked for optimum (15-30 November) and late seeding (20-30 December), at 120 kg seed ha^-1, with a sowing depth of 3-5 cm and row spacing of 20 cm. The wheat seeds were treated with Provax-200 @ 3g kg^-1 seed and sown by hand seeding by maintaining equal row spacing. Total fertilizer application was 100 kg N ha^-1 as urea, 30 kg P ha^-1 as triple superphosphate, 50 kg K ha^-1 as muriate of potash, 20 kg S ha^-1 as gypsum, 5 kg Zn ha^-1 as zinc sulphate and 1 kg B ha^-1 as boric acid. Two thirds of the N and all the P, K, S and B fertilizers were broadcast just before sowing, and the rest of the N was top dressed after the first irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI) stage. Weeds were well-controlled by one hand weeding at 25-30 days after sowing (DAS), and there was no significant damage by insect and pests. The crop received three post-sowing irrigation at CRI (17-21 DAS), heading (55-60 DAS) and grain filling (75-80 DAS) stages. The trials were surrounded by border rows with mixture of varieties susceptible to leaf rust and leaf blight. The plants of border rows were inoculated by MoT spores for infection once in a week starting from three weeks after sowing until primary infection was observed. The crop was harvested at full maturity in each season. The inoculum were supplied by plant pathology laboratory of Regional Agricultural Research Station Jashore. Plant counting was made for number of plants in 1m from each of 5 middle rows in case of yield trials (plants/m²). Heading days was counted from sowing to the day when base of the 50% of the spikes just come out from the flag leaf sheath. Maturity days (physiological maturity) was determined visually and defined as the time when the 80% of the grains in the wheat spikes had turned yellowish. Grain yield was determined by fresh harvesting of 3.2 m² area (4 m×0.8 m). Fresh grain yield was converted to grain yield (kg ha^-1) at 12% moisture content using the following formula: Yadj =Y_AC × (100 – M_AC)/(100 – M_ST); Where, Yadj = Adjusted yield, Y_AC = Yield at actual moisture percent, M_AC = Actual moisture percent, M_ST = Standard moisture percent. Grains spike^-1 was determined from ten randomly selected spikes, threshed all 10 spikes and counts all the grains of those spikes and divides by ten. Thousand grain weights (dry) were determined by oven drying @ 70 °C for 2-3 days. Severity of wheat blast disease has scored at grain filling (80 DAS) stage according to following formula; % DS = (% spike incidence/100)*(% disease area on spike /100)*100. Where, DS = Disease severity. Temperature and rainfall data during the experimental period were collected from the Regional Agricultural Research Meteorological Station, Jashore. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (using Crop Stat 7.2) to evaluate differences between treatments, and the means were compared using least significant difference (LSD) at the 5% level of significance (p<0.05).

Source of Information: The Agriculturists 16 (2): 65-74 (2018)

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/agric.v16i02.40344

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

From the above results it may be concluded that virulent inoculum, higher temperature (30-32 ºC) and some rainfall (10-20 mm) especially in heading stage (58-67 d in different varieties) played a key role for wheat blast disease development. However, the variety BARI Gom 28 and 30 (newly released) and Sourav, Gourab and Shatabdi (old variety) were found some tolerant capacity against wheat blast disease maintaining a good yield of over 3 t ha^-1. In addition, timely or early sowing (15-30 November) of wheat is very much crucial to avoid what blast disease infection. This is due to less chance of rainfall occur in heading to flowering stage. Research should be done to find out the proper resistant line against wheat blast disease screening through artificial inoculations, and proper control measures should be suggested against controlling of wheat blast disease in collaboration with local and international research organizations.

Knowledge Management: Journal