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Larvicidal Effects of Some Plant Seed Extracts on Anopheles Annularis Vander Wulp and Culex Quinquefasciatus Say (diptera: Culicidae)

Nasiruddin, M.
Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram-4331, Bangladesh

M. A. Azadi
International Islamic University, Chattogram-4318, Bangladesh

M. R. Chowdhury
Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram-4331, Bangladesh

R. A. H. Tonni
Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram-4331, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Larvicidal effects of distilled water, 50% ethyl alcohol, acetone and methanol extracts on seed of four plants viz. Sinapis alba (Linn.), Carica papaya (Linn.), Momordica charantia (Linn.) and Capsicum annuum (Linn.) were studied upon the mosquito larvae of Anopheles annularis Vander Wulp and Culex quinquefasciatus Say under normal laboratory conditions with average temperature and relative humidity of 31.1^oC and 57.6%, respectively. Percentage mortality, probit mortality, chi-square and ANOVA values for the larvae, extracts and concentrations were calculated for 24 hours exposure period. Mortality was dose dependent. The values of LC50 of the seeds of S. alba on An. annularis at the application doses for the distilled water, 50% ethyl alcohol, acetone and methanol extracts were 3431.791, 1038.363, 1254.810 and 2269.975 ppm, respectively; for C. papaya were 804.008, 403.294, 597.165 and 573.241 ppm, respectively; for M. charantia were 10593.241, 5017.710, 5650.191 and 6075.204 ppm, respectively; and for C. annuum were 1274.968, 4637.201, 1604.852 and 1905.692 ppm, respectively. The values of LC50 of S. alba seeds on Cx. quinquefasciatus at the application doses for the distilled water, 50% ethyl alcohol, acetone and methanol extracts were 1415.311, 432.996, 569.701 and 770.250 ppm, respectively; for C. papaya were 705.599, 385.688, 341.003 and 481.067 ppm, respectively; for M. charantia were 7764.154, 4496.464, 5353.759 and 5825.031 ppm, respectively; and for C. annuum were 2173.631, 1311.538, 78.748 and 182.869 ppm, respectively. Of the four plant seed extracts, C. papaya seed extracts were the most toxic for both the mosquito species.

Keywords: Larvicide; Seed extracts; LC50; Anopheles annularis; Culex quinquefasciatus.

Location: Entomology Research Laboratory of Zoology Department, Chittagong University

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Extract (plant, seed)

Objectives:

The present paper is directed particularly at determining the use of seed extracts of four plants, namely Sinapis alba (Linn.), Carica papaya (Linn.), Momordica charantia (Linn.) and Capsicum annuum (Linn.) in controlling mosquito larvae of Anopheles annularis Vander Wulp and Culex quinquefasciatus Say.

Methodology:

The study was carried out in the Entomology Research Laboratory (Average temperature 31.1^oC and average relative humidity 57.6%) of Zoology Department, Chittagong University with a view to find out the larvicidal effects of seed extracts of four plants against the larvae of two mosquito species, Anopheles annularis and Culex quinquefasciatus. Preparation of seeds The seeds of the four plants, viz. Sinapis alba (English name: White mustard, Family: Brassicaceae), Carica papaya (English name: papaya, Family: Caricaceae), Momordica charantia (English name: bitter melon, Family: Cucurbitaceae), and Capsicum annuum (English name: chili pepper, Family: Solanaceae) were collected from local seed markets except C. papaya. For the experimental purpose, the experimental seeds were ground in an electric grinder, and the seed powder was sieved through a sieve of mesh size 0.0025 cm². Maintenance of the experimental mosquito larvae Anopheles annularis and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were collected from nearby small temporary rain pools and drains, respectively. The larvae were collected in a plastic bowl with a hand sieve and brought to the laboratory and then reared in a glass jar. Third or fourth instar mosquito larvae were obtained from the rearing jar. After being acclimatized in the laboratory condition, the healthy and fresh mosquito larvae were taken for experiments. Extraction of dry seeds and preparation of doses Ten grams of dry seed powder were extracted with 100 ml of the distilled water, 50% ethyl alcohol, acetone and methanol solvents separately. For each solution required amount of dry seed powder was taken in a 500 ml conical flask and required amount of solvent was poured into the flask and closed with a cork stopper. The flask was shaken vigorously for 3-4 hours on a magnetic stirrer to ensure maximum extraction of toxic components of the seed powder. After mixing, the resultant liquid was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1. The filtrate solution obtained was designated as ‘Stock solution’. For each set of experiment a certain (calculated) volume of the stock solution was added to the certain volume of tap water so that final volume in the experimental beakers was always 250 ml in each of the doses and replicates as suggested by APHA (2005). Bioassay The bioassays were run in 18 glass beakers, each containing 250 ml of tap water and extract and run for a period of 24 hours. Five concentrations of each extract after preliminary screenings were taken in the final experiments. A set of ten mosquito larvae was released in each dose concentration; three replications were used for each dose concentration. The test mosquito larvae were exposed to the extracts for the stipulated exposure period. The beakers were netted on top. Larval mortality counts were taken after 24 hours. Data analysis The data were analyzed statistically by probit analysis following Finney (1971) where LC50 values were calculated using a computer based probit analysis program. The values of chi-square (χ2) were determined as suggested by Fisher and Yates (1963) using experimental data of expected and observed numbers killed and then compared with the tables of statistics for (n-1) degrees of freedom at 1% level of significance. One-way ANOVA was done and compared with the tables of statistics for (n-1) degrees of freedom at 1% level of significance.

Source of Information: J. biodivers. conserv. bioresour. manag. 5(2), 2019

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v5i2.44913

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The present finding has important implications on the practical control of mosquito larvae in polluted aquatic ecosystems. In view of residue problem in the environment and the development of insect resistance to synthetic insecticides, the recent trend is to explore plants to obtain the extracts that do not pose any residue problem, but are able to suppress unwanted populations. Further research will lead to improve formulations with enhanced activity which may become environmentally acceptable and replace objectionable conventional insecticides for mosquito control.

Knowledge Management: Journal