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Haemato-biochemical Changes and Antibiotic Sensitivity to Escherichia Colt Associated with Concurrent Enteric and Septicaemic Infection in Calves

M. A. Samad
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh — 2202, Bangladesh

M. A. Islam
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh — 2202, Bangladesh

K. A. Hossain
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh — 2202, Bangladesh

M. T. Islam
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh — 2202, Bangladesh

S. Saha
Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh — 2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Concurrent enteric and septicaemic Escherichia coli infection was recorded in six local calves aged between 8 to 12 months old for the first time in Bangladesh during the period from May to June 2002. Bacteriologic examination of both the faecal and blood samples of six febrile calves showed positive for E. coli of all the six faecal (100%) and only two blood (33.33% ) samples. Clinical examination revealed significantly (p < 0.01) high rectal temperature at peak febrile stage which varied from 103.5 to 106 °F with a mean of 104.7 ± 0.85 °F. The fever associated signs and clinical anaemia were recorded in all these calves. Haematological examination showed significantly (p < 0.01) decreased haemoglobin (5.58 ± 0.45 g%), packed cell volume (19.83 ± 1.95 %), total erythrocytic count ( 3.52 ± 0.58 106/ mm3 ) and total leukocytic count ( 6.68 ± 0.44 103 / mm3 ) which indicates anaemia and leukopenia at the peak febrile stage of the disease. Biochemical studies showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased that serum magnesium and iron values were at fever stage, whereas serum phosphorus significantly (p < 0.01) decreased at the 4th day (convalescent stage) but no significant (p > 0.05) change was observed with the serum calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride values between prefever and fever stage. Antibiotic sensitivity pattem of E. coli isolated from faecal and blood samples revealed that these isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin, ampicillin and amoxycillin, moderately sensitive to gentamicin and streptomycin but highly sensitive to tetracycline. This indicates that tetracycline could be the drug of choice for both the septicaemic and enteric E. coli infection in calves.

Keywords: Haematobiochemical, Escherichia coli, Enteric, Septicemic, Infection, Calves

Location: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-01-2002

End Date: 00-12-2002

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Calf, Diseases

Objectives:

To identify the Haemato-Biochemical Changes and Antibiotic Sensitivity to Escherichia Colt Associated with Concurrent Enteric and Septicaemic Infection in Calves.

Methodology:

Six non-descriptive local breed of calves (3 male and 3 female), ag6d between 8 to 12 months old were purchased from the local market under the 'Calf morbidity and mortality' project No. 99 / 04 / AU on the month of May 2002. These calves were maintained in the Large Animal Experimental House of the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh which is located adjacent to the BAU Veterinary Clinic. These experimental animals were allowed to graze day time in the uncultivated field adjacent to the animal house and Veterinary clinic. After acclimatization of the calves in the new environment, parasitological examination of faecal samples, rectal temperature and certain haemato-biochemical values were determined of all the six experimental calves. All these calves were affected with stomach fluke disease (paramphistomiasis) and these were successfully treated with Tetranid (Techno Drugs)'4th bolus / calf orally. On the month of June 2002, all the six experimental calves suddenly developed anorexia, fever and mild diarrhoea. The rectal temperature was recorded twice daily at the morning and evening. Faecal samples and venous blood were collected aseptically for bacteriological studies as described by Cowan and Steel (1979). Blood for haematologic and serum analyses was collected in double-oxalate containing and plain tubes, respectively. Haemoglobin concentration, total erythrocytic count (TEC) and total leukocytic count (TLC) were determined by Spancer Haemoglobinomter and Haemocytometer, respectively, and the packed cell volume (PCV) was measured following centrifugation of Wintrob haematocrit tubes as described by Samad (2001). The biochemical constituents of serum of calves at different stage of the E. coli infection were determined with the help of Spectronic GenesysTm-5 (Spectronic Instrument, Inc., Rochester, NY) as per procedure of the diagnostic kits (Human Gesellschaft fur Biochemica and Diagnostica mbH, Max-Planck-Ring 21, D-65205 Wiesbaden, Germany). Serum calcium was determined with complete test kit Cat. No. : 10011 at 570 nm, phosphorus with the test kit Cat. No. 10027 at 340 nm, magnesium with test kit Cat. No. 10010 at 520 nm, iron with test kit Cat. No. 10229 & 10230 at 623 nm, sodium with test kit Cat. No. 573351 at 410 nm, potassium with test kit No. 10118 at 578 nm and chloride with test kit No. 10115 at 590 nm wavelength as per instructions of the kit manufacturer ( Human GMBH, Germany). Sensitivity of isolated E. coli organisms to antibiotic was studied mostly on blood agar plates using the commercial standardized antibiotic discs (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, 9243 Marnes-La-Coquettes, France ) with the antibiotics of penicillin 6 streptomycin 10 iu, ampicillin 10 iu, amoxycillin 25 1.tg, tetracycline 30 iu and gentamicin 10 iu as per method described by Tripathi and Soni (1982) and Joshi et al. (1986). Sensitivity was expressed as 3+, 2+, 1+ and R expressing 'high', `moderate' minimum' (least) and 'resistant' levels of sensitivity, respectively. Results were analyzed statistically with the help of Student 't'- test for significance as described by Gupta (1982).

Source of Information: Bangl. J. Vet. Med. ( 2003 ). 1 ( 1 ) : 39- 43

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Six calves, aged between 8 to 12 months were purchased from the local market but detailed information concerning breeding, length of gestation, and medicinal history of the dam and feeding of colostrum to newborn stage was not available. All the six calves suddenly developed fever about one month after procurement. All the six calves naturally infected with E. coli showed signs of high rectal temperature which varied from 103.5 to 106 °F with a mean of 104.7 ± 0.85 °F. Other signs included weakness, lethargy, decreased intake of food, mild diarrhoea and dehydration and pale conjunctival mucosa. These observations support the report of Aldridge et al. (1993) who reported neonatal septicaemia in calves caused by E. coll. Haematological values especially haemoglobulin (Hb), packed cell volume ( PCV ), total erythrocytic count ( TEC) and total leukocytic count (TLC) were determined at the different stages of the disease like pre-fever, fever, convalescent and recovered stages are presented. The mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC were found significantly (p < 0.01) reduced at the peak febrile stage in comparison to pre-fever and recovered stage of the diseases in calves. These findings could not be compared due to lack of similar reports in the available literature. The calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium and chloride were analyzed at pre-fever, fever, convalescent and recovered stages of the E. coli infection. Of the six calves affected with septicaemic E. coli were divided into two equal groups (Gr. A & Gr. B), each consisting of three calves. Each calf of group A was treated with Gentamicin 5% (Techno Drugs) @ 1.0 ml / 10 kg bwt daily for 5 days, whereas each calf of group B was treated with Renamycin LA ( Renata Ltd. ) @ 1.0 ml / 10 kg bwt IM with two injections at 48 hours intervals successfully.

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