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Characterization and Antibiogram of Escherchia Colt Associated with Mortality in Broilers and Ducklings in Bangladesh

M. T. Islam
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

M. A. Islam
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Mortality in broilers ( 6.56% ) and growing ducks ( 11.0% ) caused by Escherichia coli was recorded in the experimental flocks study during the period from May to August 2003. E. coli organisms isolated from broiler birds affected with characteristic lesions of omphalitis and yolk sac infection, fibrinous peri-carditis and peri-hepatitis , hemorrhagic enteritis, and accumulation of excessive pericardial and peritoneal fluid, whereas from ducks with lesions of hemorrhagic enteritis and extensive epicardial hemorrhages. Each of the 21 isolates collected from broilers and 11 isolates from ducks was characterized by cultural and biochemical studies, of which 8 isolates from broilers and 5 isolates from ducks were tested for antibiotic sensitivity with 9 different antibiotics. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that the isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin but an increasing trend of resistance was recorded in broilers (7 / 9) than duck (4 / 9) isolates. It may be concluded from the results of this study that the high rate of E. coli infection in broilers and ducks along with the high resistance of isolates to antibiotics constitute a threat to the poultry industry in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Escherichia coli infection, Mortality, Broilers, Ducks, Characterization, Antibiogram

Location: Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-05-2003

End Date: 00-08-2003

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Duck

Objectives:

To determine the present status of colibacillosis in broilers and ducks as well as its antibiotic sensitivity to the isolated organisms.

Methodology:

During the period May to August 2003, day-old broiler chicks were purchased from five hatcheries, of which 20 from Goalundo hatcheries, 50 from Kazi hatcheries, 50 from Aftab hatcheries, 50 from Paragon hatcheries and 50 from BRAC hatcheries. Similarly 4-week-old 50 Jinding breed of ducklings and 3-week-old 50 Khaki Cambel ducklings were purchased from the Government Poultry Farm, Kishoregonj and Government Duck Breeding Farm, Narayangonj respectively. All these birds were maintained in the newly constructed separate houses. The day-old broiler birds were purchased for trial of the available commercial Gumboro vaccines and ducks were purchased for trial of the available commercial Fowl cholera and Duck plague vaccines. These broiler birds were maintained with commercial feeds (Quality Feeds Ltd., Dhaka) in deep litter system and ducks were also maintained with adequate commercial feeds (Quality Feeds Ltd., Dhaka) and supply of water. In addition to general feed supply, vitamin-mineral premix (Megavit WS, Novartis, Bangladesh Ltd.) was also supplied in the drinking water thrice in a week. Sporadic mortality was recorded in all the groups of experimental broiler and duck flocks, and moribund and dead birds were subjected for necropsy examination. Swab samples from liver, heart, blood, lungs, pericardial and peritoneal fluids, intestines and yolk materials were collected from birds with the characteristic lesions for laboratory investigation. These swabs were streaked onto blood agar and nutrient agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Isolation studies were also carried out on MacConkey's lactose agar and Eosin Methylene blue (EMB) agar. The isolates were identified as Escherichia coli on the basis of cultural and biochemical characters following the methods described by Cowan and Steel (1985). The in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test on E. coli isolates was performed using 10 different antibiotics (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur 9242 Marnes-La-coquettes, France) by standard disc diffusion technique as described by Bauer et al. (1966). Chi-sqiiare analysis was used to determine the differences of infection rate and level of antibiotic resistance and results were considered statistically significant when p values < 0.05 were obtained (Gupta, 1982).

Source of Information: Batql. J. Vet. Med. ( 2004 ). 2 ( 1 ) : 09-14

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

A total of 320 broilers and 100 ducklings were purchased and maintained in intensive system of management, of which 21 (6.56% ) broilers and 11 (11.0%) ducklings died during the study period. Necropsy changes and bacteriological investigation of all the specimens of dead broilers and ducks showed characteristic morphological and cultural properties of Escherichia coll. The mortality caused by E. coli started from two-day-old broilers, which maintained up to 12 days of age and then declined or completely absent during the 25 to 36 days of age and again the sporadic mortality caused by E. coli was observed from 38 days of age to 46 days of age. The mortality of ducklings caused by E. coli was recorded only during the period from 25 days old up to 36 days. These observations support the earlier reports of Jindal et al. (1899) who accounted 17.23% E. coli infections of total poultry diseases which caused 2.61% mortality due to colibacillosis. No published inland report on avian colibacillosis is available to compare the results but Sharma and Kaushik (1986) and Mahajan et al. (1994) reported E. coli infections as principal disease in broilers in Haryana State, India. The clinical signs of avian colibacillosis in broiler birds comprised inappetence, droopy head, respiratory distress, watery diarrhea which in some cases was blood tinged, pasting vent, ruffled feathers, occasionally lameness and stunted growth. The clinical findings of colibacillosis in broiler birds recorded in this study are in conformity with the earlier reports of Kaul et al. (1992) who reported an outbreak of colibacillosis with clinical signs in broiler chicks. Early chick mortality from two-day-old up to 12-day-old caused by E. coli infection might be transmitted through faecal contamination of egg skin followed by penetration, and ovarian infection or sulpingitis (Calnek et al., 1997; Mukhopadhyay et al., 1999). Calnek et al. (1997) described the increased incidence of E. coli infection shortly after hatching which reduced after about six days. Considering the higher mortality rates in broilers and ducks caused by E. coli infection and that of the isolates were found resistant to most of the selected antimicrobial drugs used in local poultry farming, colibacillosis may be considered as a threat to the broiler and duck industry in Bangladesh. Therefore, this disease problem can be checked by adopting sound management, good sanitation and judicious selection of suitable antibiotic based on antibiogram studies.

Knowledge Management: Journal