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Effects of Industrial Effluents on Seed Germination and Growth of Radish

ARM Maukeeb
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh

MF Mondal*
Department of Entomology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh

M Saha
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh

MK Hasan
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The research work was conducted from October to December 2016 on the rooftop of Agriculture Faculty Building of Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet to assess the effects of industrial effluents on seed germination, seedling mortality and growth of radish (Raphanus sativusL.). Effluents were collected from common dumping-off areas of Narsingdi, Tongi, Hazaribagh, Alampur, Khadimnagar, Majortilla, Bhatiary, Bayazid bostami and Sagorika under Dhaka, Sylhet and Chittagong division of Bangladesh. Maximum concentration of Pb (2.038 mgl-1), Cd (0.082 mgL-1), Ni (0.237 mgl-1) and Cr (0.172 mgl-1) were obtained in Hazaribagh industrial effluents; Fe (7.171 mgl-1) and Zn (1.938 mgl-1) were highest in Khadimnagar. Both experiments were laid out in a CRD with three replications. Radish seedlings were significantly affected by the application of different industrial effluents. Maximum seedling mortality (22.78%) at 15 DAS was observed in Khadimnagar industrial effluents, whereas zero seedling mortality was observed in control. Shoot and root length of radish also affected by effluents. Due to toxicity of heavy metals shoot length (36.97%) and root length (61.38%) were reduced compared to control along with decrease in other growth parameters of radish. Maximum number of leaf plant-1, leaf length, leaf width, fresh weight and dry weight were recorded in control whereas minimum values was recorded when Khadimnagar industrial effluents used as irrigation water followed by Hazaribagh. The overall results indicated that Khadimnagar and Hazaribagh industrial effluents were significantly contaminated with heavy metals namely Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Fe and Zn which have toxic effects on radish growth.

Keywords: Industrial discharges, Heavy metals, Seedling mortality, Development

Location: Rooftop of Agriculture Faculty Building of Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet

Start Date: 00-10-2016

End Date: 00-12-2016

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Radish

Objectives:

The study was undertaken to assess the effects of industrial effluents on seed germination, seedling mortality and vegetative growth of radish (Raphanus sativusL.) irrigated through industrial effluents or wastewater.

Methodology:

Collection and analyses of industrial effluents Industrial effluents were collected from 9 (nine) common dumping-off areas of different industries of Dhaka, Sylhet and Chittagong division under the sub-locations viz. Narsingdi, Tongi, Hazaribagh, Alampur, Khadimnagar, Majortilla, Bhatiary, Bayazid bostami and Sagorika of Bangladesh. Effluents were collected in 30-L plastic containers at the points of discharge. The collection of samples was done following methods of APHA (2005). Subsamples were taken from all the samples for laboratory analyses. For the determination of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Fe and Zn in effluents were read on atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS; iCE 3300, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). All analytical studies were done following the procedures as described by APHA (2005).Experimental design and preparation of Petri dishThe experiment was designed in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications from 20 October to 3 November 2016 at Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Total number of treatments were 10 (ten); including 9 (nine) industrial effluents and control (Hoagland solution). The Hoagland solution is a hydroponic nutrient solution which provides all of the essential nutrients for plant growth and development (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950). The germination test of radish (BARI Mula-4) was conducted using the paper towel method in Petri dish as prescribed in ISTA rules (Arnon, 1999) by providing the optimum conditions. Total 30 sterilized glass petri dishes having the size of 125 mm × 15 mm were used and lined with filter papers moistened according to the treatments. Seeds of radish were sterilized by soaking in 0.1% HgCl2 solution for 5 minutes and then washed with running tap water followed by deionized water. Then in each Petri dish, there were 40 (forty) seeds placed with maintaining minimum space. Petri dishes were irrigated with treatments at regular intervals after placing of seed.Seedling test parameter Seedling test parameters including seed germination (%), seedling mortality (%), shoot length (cm)and root length (cm) were recorded. The equation used to calculate the germination percentage (%) of seed was;Germination percentage (%) = Number of germinated seeds/Total number of seeds × 100. The equation used to calculate the mortality percentage (%) of seedling was; Mortality percentage (%) = Number of dead seedlings/Total number of seedlings × 100. Pot experiment This experiment was also designed in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications from 15 November to 31 December 2016 at Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Same treatments were used as experiment no. 1. Total 30 plastic pots were collected having the size of 80 mm × 110 mm. Initial sand sample for radish cultivation was collected from nearby river. Then the sand was washed several times by distilled water to free of ionic constituents present in sand. After that, sand was air dried and sieved through a 2 mm mesh sieve and kept in a clean plastic bag. Plastic pots were filled with 0.5 kg of prepared sand and arranged maintaining sufficient spacing. Fifteen days old healthy seedlings of radish were transplanted in prepared pot. Before transplanting, radish seedlings were grown in a different seed bed where Hoagland solutions were applied as a nutrient solution for seedling growth. After that effluents were applied to each pot as per treatment. The irrigation was continued until the crops were matured for harvesting. Growth parameter observed Number of leaf, leaf length and width, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of 40 day old Radish plant from each treatment was measured. Chemical analyses of plant sample The harvested plant samples were cleaned thoroughly with tap water and rinsed with 0.1 M HCL solution, followed by several rinses with distilled water for chemical analyses. Samples were dried in oven at 80^oC for about 72 hours. The dried plant samples were ground with a mechanical grinder and stored in polythene zipper bags separately. Then samples were digested by following procedure outlined by Tandon (1995) was used. Determination of different heavy metal content in aliquot were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (iCE 3300, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) using the reagent blank. Statistical analyses The statistical analyses of the seedling test and growth data was done by using computer package program R software (Version 3.4.3). No statistical analysis was done for metals present in effluent samples and metals uptake by plant.

Source of Information: J. Sylhet Agril. Univ. 5(1):51 -59, 2018 ISSN: 2308-1597

Article Link (Online Journal): www.jsau.com.bd

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Heavy metal toxicity is a serious threat to the global agricultural systems, which is augmented by industrial discharge. The use of untreated industrial effluents for irrigation of radish caused heavy metal toxicity and affects the vegetable especially when applied of Khadimnagar and Hazaribagh industrial effluents. It is concluded from the results of the study that high Concentration of heavy metals, like Pb, Cd, Ni and Fe presence in Khadimnagar and Hazaribagh industrial effluents had adverse effects on seed germination, seedling mortality, shoot and root length, also growth characters of radish. Due to these effluents fresh and dry biomass was also greatly reduced 60.03% and 69.18% in radish. The long-term effluents irrigation led to the accumulation of heavy metals in soil and consequently into the radish, which may cause of economic loss of radish production and also human health risk due to consumption of Radish grown in the area having long term uses of untreated industrial effluents for irrigation.

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