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Effects of Various Local Analgesics and Ketamine for Caudal Epidural Analgesia in Black Bengal Goat

A C Roy*
Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh

M R Islam
Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh

S Roy
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh

M A Hashim
Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2200, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present study was conducted to find out the effect of analgesic and anaesthetic drugs for caudal epidural analgesia in Black Bengal goats. A series of thirty two (32) analgesic trails were conducted in goats age ranged from 8 to 12 months and with an average body weight of 8.1 kg. The animals were divided into four groups (n=4) and a replication of 8 trails was performed in each group at least one week interval. Two percent (2%) lidocaine hydrochloride (4 mg kg^-1), 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline (4 mg kg^-1), 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride (1.0 mg kg^-1) and ketamine hydrochloride (4 mg kg^-1) were used to perform caudal epidural analgesia. The time of onset of anaesthesia, peak time of anaesthesia, area of desensitization and duration of anaesthesia were observed. 2% Lidocaine hydrochloride showed rapid onset of analgesia. 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride produced the highest area of desensitization in thigh region during caudal epidural analgesia. Perineal region and tail were totally desensitized during epidural analgesia. 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride prolonged the duration of analgesia during epidural analgesia. 2% Lidocaine hydrochloride and 2% Lidocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline showed no side effects whereas 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride showed shivering and drowsiness, ketamine hydrochloride excitement and drowsiness. It seemed that 2% Lidocaine hydrochloride is more effective whereas 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride is associated with side effects. Though ketamine hydrochloride is a dissociative agent, it could also be used in epidural analgesia.

Keywords: Effects, Local analgesics, Ketamine, Caudal epidural analgesia, Black Bengal goat

Location: Veterinary clinics, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

Start Date: 00-03-2011

End Date: 00-03-2012

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Goat

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to find out the effect of analgesic and anaesthetic drugs for caudal epidural analgesia in Black Bengal goats.

Methodology:

The research work was conducted in 8 goats (Capra hircus). The animals were apparently healthy especially during the experiment. The body weight of the animals ranged from 7.5 kg to 8.6 kg and their ages ranged from 8 months to 1 year. They were of both sexes. A total of 32 experimental trails were performed with the animals to investigate the effect of certain local anaesthetics in caudal (Saccro-coccygeal) epidural space. The work was carried out in the operation theatre of the veterinary clinics, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100. The period of experiment was 1 (one) year starting from March 2011 to March 2012. Management of experimental animals The animals were maintained in a room at the veterinary clinic of Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet collected from Sylhet Govt. goat farm. The animals were kept under good hygienic condition. They were allowed to graze in the open field for 6 hours every day and had a free access to water adlibitum. Standard concentrate feed was supplied. All animals were routinely dewormed and vaccinated against common infectious diseases. The animals were frequently examined to detect any pathological condition. Preparation of the animals The goats were taken to the operation theatre 20 to 30 minutes prior to administration of analgesic or anaesthetic agents. Age, sex and body weight were recorded before starting the experiment. The body weight of each of the animals was taken using weighing machine. The animals were then examined clinically to detect any pathological condition. The animals were placed on the operation table in lateral recumbency and were restrained physically by an assistant and also casting by ropes. The injection site was clipped, shaved and painted with tincture of iodine before any injection was administered. No premedicant was given prior to anaesthetic injection. The analgesia was always performed in the morning throughout the course of investigation. Anaesthetic agents 2% Lignocaine hydrochloride Lignocaine hydrochloride (Jasocaine® , Jayson Pharmaceuticals Ltd.) is one of the most versatile and widely used local analgesic agents which is available in Bangladesh in 50 ml vial. Each milliliter contains 20 mg Lidocaine HCL (anhydd.). 2% Lignocaine hydrochloride with 0.0005% adrenaline 2% Lignocaine hydrochloride with 0.0005% adrenaline (Jasocaine, Jayson Pharmaceuticals Ltd.) is available in Bangladesh in 50 ml vial. Each milliliter contains 20 mg Lidocaine and 5 µg adrenaline. 0.5% Bupivacaine hydrochloride Bupivacaine hydrochloride (Ultracaine ® , Jayson Pharmaceuticals Ltd.) is an amide type local analgesic available in Bangladesh in 30 ml vial. Each milliliter contains 5 mg Bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous). Ketamine hydrochloride (a dissociative anaesthetic agent) Ketamine hydrochloride (G-KETAMINE® , Gonoshasthaya Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dhaka) is available in Bangladesh in 10 ml vial. Each milliliter conatins 50 mg ketamine. Methods of cranial epidural analgesia Epidural analgesia is a useful technique in veterinary anaesthesia. Epidural analgesia is produced by injecting anaesthetic solution into the epidural space. The goats were restrained on the operating table in lateral recumbency, the back was flexed and the hind limbs were held forward. The site of injection was immediately posterior to the last lumbar spine. The site of injection was clipped, cleaned and disinfected. A 3 inch, 18 gauge needle was inserted at the lumbo-sacral space and the analgesic solution was injected. Experimental design In this experiment a complete randomized design was used. The animals (n=8) were divided into 4 (four) different groups. In each group 8 (eight) experimental trials were accomplished (Table 1). To mitigate possible development of resistance to anaesthetic agents, a replication of the trails was made at least one week interval. Studies in these goats were carried out in the absence of surgical stress. The drugs were allocated for epidural analgesia as follows Analgesic assessment All animals were maintained on standing position during analgesic assessment. The state of analgesia was observed in every 5 minute with the help of a needle, by pricking the region. Analgesia was assessed as “+++” excellent (no response), “++” adequate (slight movement or reflex response), “+” poor (avoidance response) to needle pricking. Onset, peak point (time at which maximum area was desensitized) and the duration of analgesia were recorded. The desensitized area was measured by a scale and the progressions of analgesia at every 5 minutes were recorded. The measurement was carried out up to recovery. Tail movement, leg movement and any side effects were closely observed and recorded during the course of analgesia. Care was taken not to excite the animal before and during monitoring. Statistical analysis The data were analyzed statistically as follows: a. Student’s paired “t” test was performed to compare the obtained data before and after an anaesthesia. b. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA test) in completely randomized design was carried out according to Steel and Torrie (1980) to test significance variation among the effects in different time interval. The mean of data with its standard deviation (SD) and SEM were calculated. c. The results were analyzed by the Least Significant Difference test in “MSTAT” software.

Source of Information: J. Sylhet Agril. Univ. 1(1):1-9, 2014 ISSN: 2308-1597

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Achievement/Findings:

In caudal epidural analgesia 2% lignocaine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride produced rapid onset and peak time of analgesia compared to 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride and 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline. Bupivacaine hydrochloride produced delayed onset and peak time of analgesia. 0.5% Bupivacaine hydrochloride produced the most extensive area of analgesia in hip region during analgesia. 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride expressed extensive area of analgesia in inguinal region during analgesia. When adrenaline was combined with 2% Lignocaine hydrochloride, duration of analgesia was found to be prolonged during low epidural analgesia. 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride produced prolonged duration of analgesia.

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