A farm-level survey was conducted for collecting primary data through a multi-stage sampling technique. At first, district, upazila, and villages were purposively selected to reveal most chickpea growing areas in Bangladesh (i.e. 11 villages of Godagari and Tanore upazila of Rajshahi district). After that, the simple random sampling technique was applied to select samples from the list of farmers of those 11 villages those were collected from Rajshahi regional office, Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE). A total of 180 farmers were interviewed about chickpea production in 2018-19 cropping year, among them, 120 respondents were improved chickpea variety growers and 60 respondents were local chickpea variety growers. For this study, the BARI Chola-5 variety was considered as the improved chickpea variety. The first and second time lengths were from the 11-18 March and 9-18 June of 2019, respectively.
Determining factors affecting adoption and adoption level In this study, the empirical analysis aims to identify the determinants of improved chickpea variety adoption and adoption level. Among our surveyed chickpea growers, some cultivate improved chickpea variety (adopters), while others cultivate local variety (non-adopters). In addition, the adoption levels are diverse among the adopters. Hence, we have two questions to answer: (i) why are some of the chickpea growers adopting improved variety and some do not? and (ii) why does the adoption level vary among the adopters? In order to answer these questions, we can use a Cragg’s Double hurdle model or Heckman selection model. According to Jones (1989), the essential difference between these two models is the source of zero. In the Heckman model, the non-adopters will never adopt under any cases. Alternately, in the double hurdle model, non-adopters stay as a corner solution in a utility-maximizing model. The assumption of Heckman’s seems obstructive and inverse mills ration (IMR) of this model is insignificant for these samples. So that, we employ the more flexible two-tier truncated or simply called double-hurdle (DH) model to estimate the improved chickpea variety planting decision. The most underlying assumption of the model is that adoption and adoption level is supposed to be independent which means two decisions are made in two different stages (Cragg, 1971). At the beginning of a cropping season, farmers may decide to cultivate improved chickpea variety without making exact plans about the quantity of land. After that, they may ascertain the specific amount of land for modern chickpea variety. In agricultural economics, the use of Cragg’s model for evaluating adoption and adoption level is common (Verkaart et al., 2017; Mal et al., 2013; Gebregziabher and Holden, 2011; Shiferaw et al., 2008; Teklewold et al., 2006). The first stage or tier 1 of Cragg’s two-tier model is a Probit model to find out the determinants of adoption. While, growing areas in Bangladesh (i.e. 11 villages of Godagari and Tanore upazila of Rajshahi district). After that, the simple random sampling technique was applied to select samples from the list of farmers of those 11 villages those were collected from Rajshahi regional office, Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE). A total of 180 farmers were interviewed about chickpea production in 2018-19 cropping year, among them, 120 respondents were improved chickpea variety growers and 60 respondents were local chickpea variety growers. For this study, the BARI Chola-5 variety was considered as the improved chickpea variety. The first and second time lengths were from the 11-18 March and 9-18 June of 2019, respectively. Determining factors affecting adoption and adoption level In this study, the empirical analysis aims to identify the determinants of improved chickpea variety adoption and adoption level. Among our surveyed chickpea growers, some cultivate improved chickpea variety (adopters), while others cultivate local variety (non-adopters). In addition, the adoption levels are diverse among the adopters. Hence, we have two questions to answer: (i) why are some of the chickpea growers adopting improved variety and some do not? and (ii) why does the adoption level vary among the adopters? In order to answer these questions, we can use a Cragg’s Double hurdle model or Heckman selection model. According to Jones (1989), the essential difference between these two models is the source of zero. In the Heckman model, the non-adopters will never adopt under any cases. Alternately, in the double hurdle model, non-adopters stay as a corner solution in a utility-maximizing model. The assumption of Heckman’s seems obstructive and inverse mills ration (IMR) of this model is insignificant for these samples. So that, we employ the more flexible two-tier truncated or simply called double-hurdle (DH) model to estimate the improved chickpea variety planting decision. The most underlying assumption of the model is that adoption and adoption level is supposed to be independent which means two decisions are made in two different stages (Cragg, 1971). At the beginning of a cropping season, farmers may decide to cultivate improved chickpea variety without making exact plans about the quantity of land. After that, they may ascertain the specific amount of land for modern chickpea variety. In agricultural economics, the use of Cragg’s model for evaluating adoption and adoption level is common (Verkaart et al., 2017; Mal et al., 2013; Gebregziabher and Holden, 2011; Shiferaw et al., 2008; Teklewold et al., 2006).