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Effects of Age on Gross and Microscopic Changes of Bursa of Fabricius and Thymus of Commercial Broiler Chicken

MS Islam
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

M Kamruzzaman
Department of Dairy and Poultry Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

MS Rahman
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Babugonj campus, Borishal, Bangladesh

KA Ferdous
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

MSB Juli
Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

MH Kabir
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Babugonj campus, Borishal, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Anatomy and Histology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University. Topology and histology were performed of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus of broiler chicken. The mean length, diameter and weight of the bursa and thymus were lower at day-1 (D1) stage and increased gradually at day-35 stage (D35).With increasing age, the bursa became larger with the plicae getting taller and thicker, which contained an enormous number of large polyhedral primary and secondary lymphoid follicles. It was found that the growth rates of bursa of Fabricius from day-1 (D1) to day-21(D21) increased gradually but after D21 the growth rate became reduced. Histologically, each lobes of thymus was surrounded by a connective tissue capsule from which septa arises and incompletely divides the glands into lobules. During the day-1 (D1) period the lobules were demarcated into cortex and medulla, which becomes larger with age and well demarcated.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Bursa of Fabricius, Thymus, Gross, Microscopic changes

Location: Birol and Birgonj upazilla of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-03-2016

End Date: 00-06-2016

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Broiler

Objectives:

The great importance of these data is bearing on the functional significance of bursa of Fabricius and thymus of the broiler chicken. It is hoped that the present investigation will be a base line for the study of lymphoid organs of broiler chicken and also will provide valuable information to poultry immunologist, pathologist, cell biologist and anatomist.

Methodology:

The broiler chickens were collected from some selected broiler farm where vaccination and other managemental program were performed properly in Birol and Birgonj upazilla of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh; the samples were collected during the period from March to June’ 2016. The selected birds were no congenital disorders and remarkable disease that may cause any problem in the study of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius. The broiler chickens of Lohman meat breed were divided into six age groups Day-1, Day-7, Day-14, Day-21, Day-28 and Day-35 (D1, D7, D14, D21, D28 and D35 respectively). Each age group was comprised of five chickens. Chickens from each group were killed with cervical subluxation. Food and water was with held two hours before killing, just after killing of the chickens the feathers were removed manually, the bursa of Fabricius was collected by ventral abdominal dissection and thymuses were collected by ventral neck dissection both for gross and histological studies. The gross study included the color, length, weight, diameter and thickness of lymphoid organs. Weights of the lymphoid organs were taken by using digital balance and relative weights of the thymuses were also calculated adopting formula. The length and diameter of thymus on both side of the neck and the bursa of Fabricius were recorded by using digital Vernier calipers. Statistical analysis was done by calculating Arithmetic Mean (A.M.), Standard Deviation (S.D.) and Standard Error (S.E.) as per the standard statistical methods. For histological study the collected samples were preserved for fixation in the “Bouins fluid” for 24 hours and then tissues were dehydrated by using ascending graded of alcohol (70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100% and 100%). For each grade of alcohol one hour was provided. After dehydrating the tissue it was transferred to the xylene-1 and xylene-2 each for ninety minutes for clearing purpose. Then the tissues were infiltrated in the liquid paraffin at 60oC temperature for ninety minutes and it was repeated again. Finally the tissues were embedded in paraffin and paraffin blocks were made. The paraffin blocks were cut at 6 µm thickness using microtome machine (Mu 509, Euromex, Japan). After sectioning of paraffin block, the slices were floated on warm water in a water bath at 45ºC for stretching. Then the sliced tissue was placed on greeze free clean glass slide using adhesive like Mayer’s egg albumin. Then the glass slides were dried at 37^oC temperature for 24 hours in an incubator. After drying the slides the sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) stain for general histological study. The histological structures of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius were observed using a light microscope under low (×10) and high (×40) magnification and Photographs were taken from the selected specimens.

Source of Information: Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2019; 7(1): 184-189

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Funding Source:

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Achievement/Findings:

The mean length, diameter and weight of the bursa of Fabricius of broiler chicken at D1 stage were 3.8±0.01 mm, 2.21±0.02 mm and 0.02±0.01gm respectively, which were increased gradually and at D35 were 16.01±0.20 mm, 11.77±0.21 mm and 1.4±0.001 gm. Histologically, the bursa of D1 stage was filled up by plicae and devoid of mucoid substances. But with increasing age the bursa became larger with the plicae getting taller and thicker, which contained an enormous number of large polyhedral primary and secondary lymphoid follicles. Thin wall of the bursa of D1 stage became thicker with increasing age. The day from 21st to 28th days is more important for broiler rearing for bursa related diseases. The mean weight, diameter and the extent of the neck occupied by the thymus of broiler chicken at D1 were 0.31±0.01gm, 3.61±0.09 mm and 25.63±0.26 mm, that were increased gradually at D35 were 6.17±0.03gm, 8.12±0.03 mm, 64.84±0.20 mm respectively. Hassall's corpuscles were found during D1 stage which increased in diameter and number at D35 stage of broiler chicken. The capsule and trabeculae becomes thicker with the growth and development of the thymus. Further study will provide for the focusing of the lymphatic organs related diseases of human and similarities or dissimilarities with chicken.

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