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Characterization of Inhalable Ground-level Ambient Particulate Matter in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

A. A. Nayeem
Center for Atmospheric Pollution Studies (CAPS), Department of Environmental Science, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh

M. S. Hossain
Center for Atmospheric Pollution Studies (CAPS), Department of Environmental Science, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh

A. K. Majumder
Center for Atmospheric Pollution Studies (CAPS), Department of Environmental Science, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The capital Dhaka of Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated and air polluted cities in the world. This study is aimed to assess the trend of Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) from 2013 to 2018 in relation to meteorological parameters. PM data were collected from the Continuous Air Monitoring Station (CAMS) at Darus Salam point in Dhaka city. CAMS gather air samples through beta gauge instrument which measures the volume of gas extracted through the stack/duct and calculates mass concentration. In the present study, PM2.5 was 54 % of that of PM10 which is fine particulate matter. PM2.5 and PM10 had the lowest concentration in the month of July due to the highest rainfall rate whereas it was highest in the months of January and December. In addition, annual average concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 is observed to be 5-6 times higher than Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standard (BNAAQS) while higher PM concentrations were observed in winter seasons. This study found significantly inverse association between ground-level PM and meteorological parameters in Dhaka city. Air pollution is deteriorating rapidly in Dhaka city and it is high time to implement the Clean Air Act urgently to reduce such destruction.

Keywords: Particulate Matter; Meteorology; Ratio; Trend; Variation

Location: Mass Communication Institute at Darus Salam area in Dhaka city

Start Date: 00-00-2013

End Date: 00-00-2018

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Non-commodity: Climate change

Objectives:

To assess the trend of Particulate Matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) from 2013 to 2018 in relation to meteorological parameters.

Methodology:

The climate of Bangladesh is comprised of high temperatures, excessive humidity, and distinctly marked seasonal variations in precipitation. Bangladesh can be divided into four seasons: pre-monsoon (March–May), monsoon (June–September), post-monsoon (October–November), and winter (December–February) [20]. Darus Salam CAMS is located at the Mass Communication Institute at Darus Salam area in Dhaka city. The roof height is about 7 m above the ground and the intake nozzle of the sampler is located 1.8 m above the roof. This place is also characterized by heavy traffic. Enormous vehicles from the northern part of the country come into this city through this way. A major portion of brick kiln clusters are also close to this station. This CAMSis situated about 100 meters away from the main road. Monthly PM data has been collected from Darus Salam CAMS which is operated by the Department of Environment (DoE) under the project of Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE). The air samples are collected through beta gauge instrument which measures the volume of gas extracted through the stack/duct and calculates mass concentration. The principle of beta attenuation particulate sampling instruments (beta gauge) is that energy is absorbed from beta particles as they pass through PM collected on a filter media [24]. The monthly rainfall data from 2013-2018 collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) and monthly temperature and humidity data were collected from Darus Salam CAMS Station. All collected data were analyzed and visualized via the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v.20) and MS Excel software.

Source of Information: J. Sci. Res. 12 (4), 701-712 (2020)

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v12i4.45802

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

This study scrutinized the characteristics of PM in relation to the meteorological phenomenon in Dhaka city over the years of 2013-2018. Higher PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ found in the winter season (Dec-Feb) while it is lower in the monsoon season (June-Sep). The PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentration are almost five-six and three-six folds higher than both BNAAQS (15 and 50 µg/m³) and WHO standard (10 and 25 µg/m³) respectively. The Pearson correlation between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ is also strongly positive (R² = 0.97). In this study, PM_2.5 ratio detected 54 % of that of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 fractions are less in rainy months especially in June and July and higher in winter months (Dec to Feb). The higher ratio of PM_2.5 during winter season denotes that, PM_2.5 is generated from primary sources by anthropogenic activities and secondary particulate formation by chemical reaction. Apart from, this study also found significantly inverse association among meteorological parameters (rainfall, temperature and humidly) and particulate matters.

Knowledge Management: Journal