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Bioefficacy of Some Plant Derivatives That Protect Grain Against the Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus Maculatus

A Rahman
Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

F. A. Talukder
Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Experiments were conducted to study the bioefficacies of different plant/weed derivatives that affect the development of the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculates F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) fed on black gram, Vigna mungo, seeds. Plant extracts, powder, ash and oil from nishinda (Vitex negundo L.), eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globules Labill.), bankalmi (Ipomoea sepiaria K.), neem (Azadirachta indica L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and bablah (Acacia arabica L.) were evaluated for their oviposition inhibition, surface protectant, residual toxicity and direct toxicity effects on C. maculates. The results showed that plant oils were effective in checking insect infestation. The least number of F1 adults emerged from black gram seeds treated with neem oil. The nishinda oil extract was the most toxic of three extracts tested (nishinda, eucalyptus and bankalmi). Bablah ash was the most effective compared to the powdered leaves of nishinda, eucalyptus and bankalmi. The powdered leaves and extracts of nishinda, eucalyptus and bankalmi, at a 3% mixture, provided good protection for black gram seeds by reducing insect oviposition, F1 adult emergence, and grain infestation rates. The oil treatment did not show adverse effects on germination capability of seeds, even after three months of treatment.

Keywords: Plant/weed derivatives, Crop protectant, Biorational pest control

Location: Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University.

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Beetle, Pulses

Objectives:

The present research was carried out to determine the oviposition inhibition, surface protectant, residual toxicity and direct-toxicity effects of some local plant/weed derivatives against the pulse beetle, C. maculates fed on black gram, Vigna mungo, seeds. Effects of treatments on the viability of black gram seeds was also determined.

Methodology:

Experiments on the efficacy of plant extracts, powder and oil as oviposition inhibitors, surface protectant, residual toxicants and contact toxicants against C. maculatus were conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University. All insect cultures were maintained in a growth chamber in the laboratory at a temperature of 27 ± 2° C, 12: 12 L:D and with 70 ± 5 % RH during the experiments. All experiments were conducted in a growth chamber under the same conditions. Test plant materials Fresh plant leaves of nishinda (Vitex negundo L.), eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globules Labill.) and bankalmi (Ipomoea sepiaria K.); seeds of neem (Azadirachta indica L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were collected from the Bangladesh Agricultural University campus and neighboring areas during the winter seasons (November - February), washed and air-dried in the shade. Dried leaves and seeds were then ground to powder using an electric grinder. The powder, extract and oil from nishinda, eucalyptus, bankalmi, neem, sesame, safflower and ash of bablah (Acacia arabica L.) wood were used in this experiment. All plant extracts and safflower oil were prepared in the laboratory as described below, except that pure neem and sesame oil were purchased. Test insects and maintenance The pulse beetle, C. maculatus F. was used for the present experiments. A small population of C. maculatus beetles was obtained from an entomology laboratory stock. They were reared and bred under laboratory conditions, on diet of the seeds of black gram, Vigna mungo, inside a growth chamber at 27 ± 2° C, with L:D 12: 12 and 70 ± 5 % RH. Initially, 50 pairs of 1-2 day-old adults were placed in a jar containing black gram seeds. The jars were sealed and a maximum of 7 days were allowed for mating and oviposition. Then parent stocks were removed and black gram seeds containing eggs was transferred to fresh black gram seeds in the breeding jars that were covered with pieces of cloth fastened with rubber bands to prevent the contamination and escape of insects. The subsequent progenies of the beetles were used for all experiments. Sample preparation of test plants Powder and dust preparations of leaves were made by separately grinding approximately 500g of leaves of nishinda, eucalyptus and bankalmi in an electric grinding machine. The resulting powder was passed through a 25-mesh sieve to obtain a fine dust. Acetone extracts were prepared according to the method of Talukder and Howse (1993) with modifications. Ten grams of ground leaves of nishinda, eucalyptus and bankalmi were separately mixed with 50 ml acetone and stirred for 30 minutes using a magnetic stirrer and then left to stand for 24 hours. The mixture was then filtered through Whatman #1 paper, and the solids were stirred again for 15 minutes with 30 ml of acetone and filtered and the filtrates were combined. The solvent from the pooled filtered solution was evaporated in a water bath at 65°C. After complete evaporation of solvents, the final crude extracts were weighed (1.72 g nishinda, 1.84 g eucalyptus and 1.58 g bankalmi), and preserved in sealed bottles in a refrigerator at 5°C until used for insect bioassays. To prepare the oil extract of safflower seeds, one kg of seeds was ground in blender and soaked overnight in water. The soaked seeds were boiled for 2 hours and cooled. Scums that formed over the liquid were collected carefully leaving the residue below. The collected scum was boiled for extraction of oils. The pure neem and sesame oil were purchased from the local market. Bablah wood was burned in a clean oven to produce ash. After cooling, the ash was put in sealed jar to prevent the absorption of air moisture. A 600 µm-diameter sieve was used to obtain fine ash. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using a two factor completely randomized design using the different plant extracts and rates of application as the two factors. Mean values were adjusted by Duncan's Multiple Range test (Duncan 1951). For mortality tests, original data were corrected by Abbott's (1925) formula, transformed into arcsin & percentage values and then data were analyzed by probit analysis (Finney 1971).

Source of Information: Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 6 Article 3 ISSN: 1536-2442

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Achievement/Findings:

The findings of the present investigations indicate that botanical derivatives might be useful as insect control agents for commercial use. All of the three powders and extracts tested were effective to some degree in reducing the ovipositional preferences and increasing the inhibition rates. Significantly fewer F1 adults emerged from food treated with extracts and powders. The highest F1 progeny inhibition was observed in black gram seeds treated with acetone extracts of nishinda leaves. Bablah ash provided better protection than three other powders. The neem oil was the most effective among three oils. To minimize the severe damage caused by insect pests, the traditional use of plant products, proved to be highly effective against stored-product insects. Application of plant/vegetable oils to grain seeds for storage is an inexpensive and effective technique, and its easy adaptability will give additional advantages leading to acceptances of this technology by farmers. A study to improve the effectiveness of botanical derivatives as insecticides will benefit agricultural sectors of developing countries, as these substance are not only of low cost, but also have less environmental impact in term of insecticidal hazard.

Knowledge Management: Journal