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Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus in Dead Chickens in Markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2011-2012

LR Barman,
Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh

RD Sarker
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

BC Das
Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh

EH Chowdhury
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

PM Das
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

MR Islam
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

A virological survey for avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) was conducted in two selected live bird markets (LBMs), namely Kaptan Bazar and Karwan Bazar in Dhaka city, Bangladesh from August 2011 to July 2012. A total of 513 dead chickens were collected. An immune-chromatographic rapid antigen test for Type A influenza virus and both conventional and real time RT-PCR were used for the detection and characterization of AI and ND viruses. All carcasses were first screened by the rapid antigen test kit and 93 were positive for Type A influenza virus. RT-PCR on a representative number of rapid antigen test positive samples (n = 24) confirmed the presence of Type A influenza virus and mostly H5 influenza virus (22 out of 24 tested samples). Influenza rapid test negative samples (n = 420) were subjected to routine necropsy. Heat stress, suffocation and physical injury were the most common cause of mortality (163 cases), followed by ND, suspected to be the cause of 85 deaths. On molecular investigation of these 85 samples, the presence of ND virus was confirmed in 59 and AI virus in 6; 15 were negative for both ND and AI viruses and 5 were unsuitable for investigation. Among the 59 ND confirmed cases 18 also contained AI virus. In summary, out of 513 carcasses 117 (22.81%) contained AI virus and 59 (11.50%) contained ND virus. Eighteen (3.51%) carcasses contained both AI and ND viruses. The findings suggest that both AI and ND should be considered as major threats to the poultry industry.

Keywords: Survey Virological Avian influenza Newcastle disease

Location: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, BAU

Start Date: 01-08-2011

End Date: 31-07-2012

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Chicken

Objectives:

Virological surveillance in dead birds in selected LBMs in Dhaka was undertaken to evaluate the extent of circulation of NDV and AIV.

Methodology:

Preliminary demographic survey at LBMs: A cross-sectional demographic survey on five big LBMs in Dhaka city was conducted to gather information on the number and types of live birds brought for sale per day and the number of birds found dead in the markets. Collection and examination of carcasses: Based on the findings of preliminary cross-sectional demographic survey, two of the biggest wholesale LBMs of Dhaka (Kaptan Bazar and Karwan Bazar) were selected. On average, 10-12 freshly dead chickens were collected from each market every 15 days for one year from August 2011 to July 2012. A total of 513 carcasses were collected. All carcasses were first screened for Type A AIV using an immuno-chromatographic rapid antigen test kit on tracheal swabs. Tracheal swabs were collected from 24 out of 93 positive carcasses for confirmation of the presence of virus by RT-PCR. All the Type A AIV- negativecarcasses (n = 420) were subjected to routine necropsy. The gross lesions were recorded and a tentative diagnosis was made. From ND suspected birds (n = 85), pooled tissues from lungs, trachea, spleen, caecal tonsils and proventriculus were collected aseptically in Falcon tubes for further investigation. RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR: All the collected tissue samples were homogenized in sterile PBS and tested for the detection and molecular characterization of AIV and NDV by conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). RNA was extracted from tissue homogenate on a robotic RNA extraction machine, King Fisher ML, using AmbionMagMAX Viral RNA Isolation Kit (Life Technologies, USA).A conventional RT-PCR and anrRT-PCR were used for Type A influenza virus M gene fragment. Then a subtype-specific conventional RT- PCR was done for H5 gene fragment. For the detection of NDV a conventional RT-PCR for F gene fragments and anrRT-PCR for M gene fragment were used. SupeScript III One Step RT-PCR kit with Taq DNA polymerase was used in conventional RT-PCR and AmbionAgPath–ID One Step RT-PCR Kit was used in rRT-PCR.

Source of Information: The Bangladesh Veterinarian (2016) 33(1): 8 – 15

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

A substantial number of birds (about 0.10%) were found dead every day in two big wholesale LBMs. In 2011 – 2012 both NDV and AIV were widely circulating in LBMs. Concurrent infection with both AIV and NDV was detected in some dead birds.

Knowledge Management: Journal