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Growth Performance, Hematological Disorder and Bacterial Challenge on Nile Tilapia (oreochromis Niloticus) Using Moringa Oleifera Plant Leaf as Feed Supplement

Md Baki Billah
Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

Md Enamul Haque
Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

Shilpi Sarkar
Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

Md Mozammel Hossain
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

Shuvra Kanti Dey
Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has been gaining ground in cultivation and sale in Bangladesh but due to price hike of fish feed the culture of this fish faced many challenges. In the present study, the optimal level of dietary moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder was used as feed supplement to determine the growth performances, some selective blood parameters and bacterial load in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Commercial diet containing moringa leaf powder at 0g/kg, 100g/kg and 200 g/kg diet was used. The diet containing 100g moringa leaf/kg diet resulted in increased weight gain, average daily gain, specific growth rate, condition factor and survival rate. A significant (p<0.05) reduction in RBC and WBC were found as the moringa leaf inclusion increased in the diets but no significant (p<0.05) differences were observed among the three different rearing conditions. In most of the cases, the diet containing 100g moringa leaf powder/kg diet displayed lower amount of bacterial count but no significant improvement was found in bacterial load among the different treatment conditions. The results suggest that dietary moringa leaf powder could be included in the diet of Nile tilapia at possibly not over 100 g/kg diet for the betterment of growth, survival, immune response and microbial challenge.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Oreochromis niloticus, Life parameters, Bacterial load, Hematological Disorder, Tilapia

Location: Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University campus, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-00-2019

End Date: 00-00-2019

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Tilapia

Objectives:

To investigate the effects of different levels of dietary moringa leaf on life parameters and bacterial load of O. niloticus.

Methodology:

Preparation of plant extracts: The Moringa oleifera leaves were collected from Jahangirnagar University campus, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh during February 2019. The leaves were washed thoroughly using distilled water and dried under shade followed by drying in an oven at 45°C for 48 hours before grinding. The dried plant materials were grinded into powder with an electrical blender. Fish, diets and feeding protocol: Fishes were maintained and the diet was formulated as previously described by many authors (Puycha et al. 2017 and Begum et al. 2018). Briefly, prior to feeding the experimental diets, tilapia fry were kept in water filled cement tank for acclimatization on a commercial diet with 40% protein for 3 weeks. The fry were obtained from fish hatchery and research center under the Department of Zoology at Jahangirnagar University campus. After acclimatization, fishes were randomly distributed into three groups with three replications and each replicate contained 80 fish (average 4.12 ± 0.03 g) in an aquarium (60 L capacity). Three diets were formulated with moringa leaf powder at 0 g/kg diet, 100 g/kg diet and 200 g/kg diet (Puycha et al. 2017). The experiment was performed as- treatment 1 (T₁)/Control: commercial feed + 0g moringa leaf/kg diet, treatment 2 (T₂): commercial feed + 100g moringa leaf/kg diet and treatment 3 (T₃): commercial feed + 200g moringa leaf/kg diet. The fish were hand fed twice a day (9 am and 4 pm) for 60 days at 10% of the average body weight for first 20 days, then 5% for next 20 days, after that 2% for the remaining 20 days. Sampling was done each 7 days interval. At the end, the fish was fasted for 24 hours and final length and weight was measured. The total feed was recorded weekly and each fish from each tank was weighed to measure growth at the end of the experiment. Water samples of each treatment were tested for bacterial load at 20 days interval (Begum et al. 2018) and the entire process for assessment of bacterial load was followed by Cappuucino and Sherman (1996). The unconsumed excess food that remains in the aquarium was removed after each feeding. Everyday fecal pellets and other unwanted materials were also siphoned from each aquarium. Water quality parameters: The physico-chemical parameters of water i.e., temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were investigated with the help of aqua mate water testing kit (WAKQ-1A, USA). The microbial work was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University and all the other analysis were done in the Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Determination of hematological parameters: At 60 days of exposure period, blood samples were collected from the caudal vein of 20 fishes randomly selected from each treatment. The blood samples were taken in falcon tube with EDTA for subsequent analysis. Selective hematological parameters (RBC, WBC and hemoglobin content) and morphological observations of RBC were examined according to Verma (1994). Determination of bacterial load: Different selective media were used for the identification and counts of different bacterial strains according to Abbas (2014). Colony count was performed by plating serial ten-fold dilutions on nutrient agar, Mac Conkey agar, SS (Salmonella Shigella) agar and TCBS (Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose) agar by the spread plate method. Streak plate method was used to get the pure culture of the isolates. The plates were incubated at 37°C and were observed after 24 h. The colonies of E. coli, Salmonella spp. Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. appeared characteristics color after incubation. Following incubation, number of colony was counted in cfu/g of sampled fish as well as isolated and identified according to the colony morphology. Statistical analysis: All growth parameters were tested using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant results (p<0.05) were further tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with the help of the computer software SPSS 17.0 program.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Zool. 48(1): 151-166, 2020

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v48i1.47884

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Feed enrichment with moringa leaves in diet showed efficient and applicable in improving the growth performance of Nile tilapia with increasing feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate. These feed additives may improve the health status of Nile tilapia as the present study recorded bacterial load was comparatively lower in the culture conditions supplies with moringa mixed feed in most of the cases. Moreover, moringa leaf had some adverse effects on blood parameters as well. This study highlighted that moringa leaf could be used as supplement of fish feed for the betterment of growth, survival, immune response and microbial challenge.

Knowledge Management: Journal