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Use of Fish Pond Sediment for Sustainable Aquaculture–agriculture Farming

M.M. Rahman
Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development,Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand.

A. Yakupitiyage
Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development,Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

An experiment was carried out in triplicate, in 1×1m² plots using six treatments, viz. zero input control (S0N0P0K0), fertilizer control (S0NPK), sediment 60 kg without fertilizer (S60N0P0K0), sediment 60 kg with N and K (S60NP0K), sediment 120 kg without fertilizer (S120N0P0K0) and sediment 120 kg with N and K (S120NP0K) to determine the potential of tilapia pond sediment to supply P to morning glory, and the effects on the soil aggregate stability and the bulk density. The application of 60 and 120 kg sediment plot−1correspondsto 30% and 60% of the plot soil by weight, respectively. The study confirmed that the application of tilapia pond sediment at 30% to farm soils with supplementation of N and K, i.e. the treatment S60NP0K, provided the required amount of P to morning glory and gave fresh and dry matter yields of morning glory equal to the fertilizer control plot. Furthermore, the application of 30% sediment significantly improved the soil aggregate stability and decreased the bulk density of farm soils to favorable levels. This kind of integration would ensure long-term sustainability of both aquaculture and agriculture farming.

Keywords: Tilapia pond sediment, P supplementation, Soil aggregate stability, Bulk density.

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Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Fisheries diversity

Objectives:

Although it is a short-duration crop, morning glory can take up high amounts of N, P and K. Therefore,morning glory was chosen as a potential crop in the study.

Methodology:

Site description The research was conducted in plots (1×1m²) on pond dikes during January to February 2005 at the Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management Farm of the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT),Bangkok, Thailand to determine the potential of tilapia pond sediment to supply P to morning glory,and the effects on soil aggregate stability and bulk density. The farm is located in the Central Plain of Thailand at 14⁰04′ North latitude and 100⁰37′ East longitude, with an elevation of 2.27 m above mean sea level. The Central Plain of Thailand has a tropical humid climate with two distinct seasons:wet and dry season. The soil in the experimental area is acid sulfate (Rangsit series), classified as Sulfic Tropaquepts. The color of the soil is black or dark gray with brown mottles and the structure of the soil is weak. 2.2 Sediment collection and chemical analysis A tilapia pond, fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and fed for a period of 400 days, was drained and the sediment was collected from approximately 15 cm of the pond bottom and dried in the open air prior to using in morning glory culture. Plots were prepared on the pond dikes by plowing up to a depth of 15 cm. Following the methods in both sediment and plot soil samples were analyzed for pH (soil water ratio 1 : 2.5), OM (wet oxidation), total N (Kjeldahl), total P (acid digestion), available P (Olsen’s) and available K (ammonium acetate extraction) prior to use for plot culture. The available N was determined by the KCl extraction procedure followed by the Phenate method. The silt content was determined by the hydrometer method. It was calculated that the P available with the application of 60 kg of sediment in a 1 m² plot could meet the P requirement of morning glory. 2.3 Treatments There were six treatments, viz. zero input control without sediment (S0N0P0K0), fertilizer control without sediment (S0NPK), sediment 60 kg without inorganic fertilizer (S60N0P0K0), sediment 60 kg with balance N and K (S60NP0K), sediment 120 kg without inorganic fertilizer (S120N0P0K0) and sediment 120 kg with balance N and K (S120NP0K) with three replications following completely randomized design. Treatments with and without fertilizer were considered to determine the effects of its application on soil aggregates. Sediment 60 and 120 kg plot⁻¹ correspond to 30% and 60% of the plot soil by weight (weight of soil was 200 kg plot⁻¹ in 0–15 cm depth). Therefore, 60 and 120 kg of the plot soil was removed from each plot of the respective treatment and replaced with the same amount of sediment, and then the sediment and the plot soil were mixed well. 2.4 Fertilizer application and seed sowing The nitrogen, P and K requirements of morning glory tissue were 21.47, 5.65 and 27.11 g plot⁻¹, respectively. Considering 50% recovery of both N and P, and 60% of K [15], inorganic fertilizers supplemented the balance N, P and K in the respective plots as per eqn (1). Of the total N, 50% was applied at seeding, and the balance was supplied 15 days after seeding. Phosphorus and K were applied as a single dose at seeding. Seeds at the rate of 20 g m⁻² were broadcasted in rows with a row-to-row spacing of 10 cm. The plots were watered every day until two weeks, and then every alternate day. 2.5 Harvesting of morning glory and its nutrient analysis The crop was harvested in 25 days after seed sowing and the weight of all the plants per plot, including the roots, was recorded. Plant samples (roots and edible parts together) were analyzed for N, P and K. The nitrate content in the edible parts (NO−3-N) was determined by the aqueous extraction method followed by the addition of Nitra Ver. After harvesting the crop, soil from the plots was collected to determine the residual nutrients, the water-stable soil aggregates of<2mm but>1mmin size and the bulk density.

Nr=(Nc−Ns×RFs)/RFf

where, Nr=nutrient to be applied (g plot⁻¹) Nc=nutrient requirements of morning glory tissue (g plot⁻¹) Ns=available nutrient in the sediment and or the soil (g plot⁻¹) RFs=nutrient recover fraction from the soil RF f=nutrient recover fraction from the fertilizer 2.6 Statistical analysis Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, treatment means were compared using Fisher’s protected LSD test and the differences were considered significant at P=0.05. SPSS (version 10.0) was used for data analysis.

Source of Information: Int. J. Sus. Dev. Plann. Vol. 1, No. 2 (2006) 192–202

Article Link (Online Journal):

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Achievement/Findings:

Tilapia pond sediment was successfully used as a source of P fertilizer for morning glory and as a soil conditioner to improve the physical properties of the soil, such as the aggregate stability and the bulk density. With the supplementation of N and K by inorganic fertilizers and an application of 30% fishpond sediment, together with the inherent soil P, provided the required amount of P for the better growth and development of morning glory, where the contribution of the sediment for P supplementation was 76%. Inorganic fertilizers mainly supported N and K, where the contribution of the sediment to the total nutrient inputs in the case of N was 26% and in the case of K was only10% in the treatment S60NP0K.The study contributed in the efficient utilization of nutrients embedded in the sediment and improvement of soil structure of farm soils, thus reducing nutrient losses and possibilities of soil erosion. Good soil structure influences water retention, resistance to erosion, nutrient availability and ultimately crop growth and development, thus sustains long-term crop productivity. This kind of interdisciplinary research is needed for environmentally sound and sustainable aquaculture–agriculture technologies,which could eventually provide multitudes of benefits not only to resource-poor fish farmers, but also to the consuming sectors and the overall environment.

Knowledge Management: Journal