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Achievements in Rice Research at BINA Through Induced Mutation

Mohammad Abul Kalam Azad*
Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), BAU Campus, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Mohammad Imtiaz Uddin
Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), BAU Campus, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), since its inception in 1961 as a radiotracer laboratory under the then Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), has released so far 9 improved varieties of rice through induced mutation technique. Of the 9 varieties ‘Iratom-24’ and ‘Iratom-38’ was developed by irradiating the seeds of the rice ‘IR 8’ and released by the National Seed Board (NSB) of Bangladesh in 1974 for boro (December to May) and aus (March to June) seasons. The mutated characteristics of these varieties are shorter crop duration, resistance against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and medium-fine grain size. ‘Binasail’ was also developed by irradiating the seeds of ‘Naizersail’ and released in 1987 for aman (July to December) season with mutated characters like long panicles, more number of grains, medium-fine grains with higher weight, early maturing with photo-insensitivity and higher grain and straw yields. ‘Binadhan-4’, ‘Binadhan-5’ and ‘Binadhan-6’ were developed by irradiating F2 seeds of the parents ‘BR-4’ and ‘Iratom-38’ and released in 1998, ‘Binadhani-4’ for aman and ‘Binadhan-5’ and ‘Binadhan-6’ for boro season. ‘Binadhan-7’ was developed from M3 seeds of the cv. ‘Tai Nguen’ of Vietnam. This variety was released in 2007 for aman season with earliness, long fine grain and high yield. The early maturing character of this variety helps to escape drought and insect damage during flowering and dough stages. Moreover, it helps increasing cropping intensity by facilitating timely cultivation of following winter crops. ‘Binadhan-9’ was developed by hybridizing between the local cv. ‘Kalozira’ and an exotic mutant line Y-1281. It was released in 2012 for aman season, also can be grown in boro season. Unlike the parent ‘Kalozira’it has a short duration, long and slender grains with a slight aroma. Using the recent ion beam irradiation technique BINA has already developed two mutant lines that can be grown after harvest of mustard or rapeseed during the first week of February to the first week of March and can be harvested after 121-134 days. These mutant lines produce a high yield.

Keywords: Aman rice, Aus rice, Boro rice, Mutant variety, Mutation breeding

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Program Area: Resource Development and Management

Commodity: Rice

Objectives:

In this paper the method of development of the 8 rice mutant varieties along with their mutated key characters and benefits towards acceptability by the farmers are discussed.

Methodology:

Mutations are the tools used to study the nature and functions of genes and to create raw materials for genetic improvements of crop plants (Adamu and Aliyu 2007). It has been used to develop many crop varieties with improved quantitative, qualitative, and economic value (Hamid et al.2006; Latado et al. 2006; Nayeem et al. 2006; Rutger 2006; Azad et al. 2010). Realizing the importance of this technique in the agricultural development of a country, research work was initiated in 1961 in the then Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission at Dhaka. After independence in 1972, the Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (INA) comprising of several disciplines was established. This was shifted to the present campus of Bangladesh Agricultural University at Mymensingh in 1975. Considering the greater role of nuclear research in agriculture, the status of INA was upgraded to an independent national agricultural research institute in 1982 and placed under the Ministry of Agriculture and was named as “Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture” (BINA) in 1984. BINA has been working on rice from its very inception as it is the staple food for more than half of the world population including Bangladesh. Induced mutations have played a significant role in the improvement of rice (Azam and Uddin 1999; Maluzinski et al. 1986; Baloch et al. 1999; 2001a; 2001b; 2002; 2003). BINA in its short lifetime has released or registered 59 improved crop varieties including 9 rice varieties. Of the rice varieties, 8 were bred through mutation breeding. In this paper, the method of development of the 8 rice mutant varieties along with their mutated key characters (Table 1) and benefits towards acceptability by the farmers are discussed.

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Achievement/Findings:

Mutation induction has become a proven way of creating variation within a crop variety. It offers the possibility of inducing desired attributes that either cannot be found in nature or have been lost during evolution. The boro variety ‘IR-8’ has disadvantages like susceptibility to lodging and longer crop duration. These two characters were induced in ‘Iratom-24’ and ‘Iratom-38’ by irradiating the seeds of ‘IR-8’ with 300 Gy dose of gamma rays. These results are in conformity with that of many working with rice and other crops. They also reported induced mutations for shorter crop duration and lodging resistance through reduced plant height in their studies with rice and other crops. In ‘Binasail’ yield was increased through increased panicle length and more number of grains. Moreover, it was induced as photo insensitive unlike its parent ‘Nizer-shail’. These results also corroborate with those of many groups. They also observed increased yield in the mutant than the parents in rice. Mutation breeding also improves quality parameters in rice. ‘Iratom-24’, ‘Iratom-38’ and ‘Binasail’ have higher protein contents than their respective parents (Dutta et al. 1998). For food and nutritional security of a big population of Bangladesh, it was felt seriously to develop a high yielding short duration variety of aman rice. With that objective, a hybridization program between the mutant variety ‘Iratom-24’ and ‘BR-4’, a Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) developed Aman variety gave birth to ‘Binadhan-4’ with long fine grain and shorter duration (130-135 days, seed to seed). But this variety could not satisfy fully the farmer’s need. The variety ‘Binadhan-7’ is that variety that could satisfy the needs of the farmers’ fully. They are able to grow mustard/rapeseed, wheat, potato, vegetables and even pulses after harvest of ‘Binadhan-7’. In the northern districts of Bangladesh, aromatic rice local cultivars are grown in aman season from time immemorial but these require a long period to mature and have coarse grain. To develop a short duration and long fine grain aromatic variety another hybridization programme between a nonaromatic short duration mutant line Y-1281 and long duration (>150 day, seed to seed) aromatic cultivar with short grains, yielded RC-43-28-5-3-3 (‘Binadhan-9’) which is early maturing (118-123 days, seed to seed), aromatic long fine grain can be grown in aman and also in boro season. Recently, ion beam irradiation has been established as an effective method of inducing mutations. The biological effects of ion beams have been investigated and observed to be shown a high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in lethality, mutation and so on, compared to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation like Gamma-rays, X-rays and electrons (Blakely 1992). As ion beams deposit high energy on a local target, it has been suggested that ion beams induce predominantly single or double-strand DNA breaks with damaged end groups that are unable to be repaired easily. Therefore, it seems plausible that ion beams frequently produce large DNA alterations, such as inversions, translocations and large deletions rather than point mutations. It has been also demonstrated that ion beams induce mutations at high frequency and induce novel mutants in Arabidopsis. Using this technique BINA has already developed some mutant lines that can be grown after harvest of mustard/rape-seed during the first week of February to the first week of March and can be harvested after 121-134 days. These mutant lines produce a 6.0 to 7.0 t/ha yield.

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